The densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessment of BMD was performed in each patient using a Lunar DXA apparatus (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, United States). According to the manufacturer’s recommendations, scans of the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and femur (neck and total) were performed, and BMD was measured (in grams per square centimeter) with a coefficient of variation of 0.7% on the uninjured limb (Celi et al., 2013 (link)). For both experimental groups, DXA assessment was performed 1 month postoperatively, and results were expressed as T-scores.
Lunar dxa
Manufactured by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United States
The Lunar DXA is a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) system developed by GE Healthcare. It is used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition. The Lunar DXA system utilizes low-dose X-rays to scan the body and provide detailed information about bone, muscle, and fat tissue.
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Lab products found in correlation
11 protocols using lunar dxa
1
DXA-Based Osteoporosis Diagnosis Protocol
2
Bone Quality and Metabolism Analysis
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Individuals were subdivided into OP, Ope, and CTR groups by clinical and biochemical characterization of bone quality, quantity and metabolism. Scans of the lumbar spine (L1–L4) and femur (total and neck) were performed using Lunar DXA equipment (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA), according to the manufacturer’s recommendations, as reported previously [32 (link)]. In addition, 25-(OH)-VitD, PTH and calcium levels were measured from the venous blood of each patient. 25-(OH)-VitD and PTH levels were determined by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), while calcium levels were measured photometrically, according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.
3
Densitometric Diagnosis of Osteoporosis
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Densitometric diagnosis of OP based on Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) evaluation of mineral density was carried out in each subject with a Lunar DXA apparatus (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA). Lumbar spine (L1–L4) and femoral (neck and total) scans were performed according to the manufacturer’s recommendation [19 (link)]. The unit of measurement is represented by SD from the mean bone mass peak (t-score), and BMD was measured (in grams per square centimeter), with a coefficient of variation of 0.7%, on the uninjured limb. To further characterize the bone tissue quality of enrolled patients, histomorphometric analysis of femoral head biopsies was performed, investigating the three main quality parameters: Bone Volume (BV/TV), Trabecular Thickness (Tb.Th), and Trabecular Separation (Tb.S) (Supplementary Figure S1 ). Finally, Calcium, PTH, and 25-(OH)-VitD levels were measured in fasting venous blood samples. The detailed clinical characteristics of the study subjects are summarized in Table 1 .
4
Assessing Bone Density and Radiographic Osteoarthritis
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Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed with a Lunar DXA apparatus (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA). Lumbar spine (L1–L4) and femoral (neck and total) scans were performed, and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements (g/cm2) along with T-scores were recorded according to the manufacturer’s recommendations [20 ]. DXA exam was performed one day before surgery for OA patients, one month after surgery for OP patients, and within a week after surgery for CTR individuals. Hip radiographs of all participants were obtained using a standard and validated protocol [21 (link)]. Two orthopedists independently assessed all radiographs using the Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) radiographic atlas [22 ].
5
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Body Composition
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Body weight and height were measured to calculate BMI using the Quetelet index (kg/m2). Body composition was determined in all subjects by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar DXA, GE-Healthcare Madison, WI, USA) scanning. Participants were required to wear light clothes, remove all metal objects from their body, and lie supine with arms at their sides while they were completing the scan. The scanner allows the simultaneous measurement of total body fat, trunk fat and android fat mass independent of bone mass. CoreScan software was used to estimate the visceral fat mass based on measurement of abdominal area and subcutaneous adipose tissue (15 (link), 24 (link), 25 (link)).
6
DXA Measurement of Body Composition
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Measurement of body composition only took place at the second follow-up examination with a mean age of 9.5 years. Lean body mass, total and regional (abdominal, hip) fat mass were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (Lunar DXA, GE Healthcare). The DXA scans were all performed with the same standard dose apiece (76 kV/0.15 mA/0.4 µGym²). During the examination, every child wore shorts and lay in a standardized position on the back. We did not have to use sedatives. For analysis, reference data for standard deviation scores were provided from GE Lunar Body Composition Software (enCORE 2010; Version 13.31, GE healthcare, Madison, WI, USA).
7
Bone Mineral Density Assessment via DXA
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Bone mineral density (BMD) was evaluated with a Lunar DXA apparatus (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA). Lumbar spine (L1–L4) and femoral (neck and total) scans were performed, and BMD was measured according to manufacturer’s recommendations [18 (link)]. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measures BMD (in grams per cm2), with a coefficient of variation of 0.7%. For patients with fragility fractures, BMD was measured on the uninjured limb. For OA patients, measurements were performed on the non-dominant side, with participants supine on an examination table with their limbs slightly abducted. DXA exam was performed one day before surgery for OA patients, and 1 month after surgery for OP patients. The results were expressed as T-scores.
8
Measuring Bone Density in Orthopedic Patients
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DXA was performed with a Lunar DXA apparatus (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA). Lumbar spine (L1–L4) and femoral (neck and total) scans were performed, and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.27 (link) Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measures BMD (in grams per square centimetre), with a coefficient of variation of 0.7%. For patients with fragility fractures, BMD was measured on the uninjured limb. For all the other patients, measurements were performed on the non-dominant side, with the participants supine on an examination table with their limbs slightly abducted.28 DXA exam was performed 1 day before surgery for OA patients and 1 month after surgery for OP and control patients (CTRL). The results were expressed as T-scores.
9
Bone Mineral Density Measurement via DXA
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Lumbar spine (L1–L4) and femoral (neck and total) scans were performed through Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) with a Lunar DXA apparatus (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA); bone mineral density (BMD) was measured according to manufacturer’s recommendations [30 (link)]. DXA measures BMD (in grams per square centimetre), with a coefficient of variation of 0.7%. For patients with fragility fractures, BMD was measured on the uninjured limb. For the other patients, measurements were performed on the non-dominant side, with the participants supine on an examination table with their limbs slightly abducted [31 (link)]. The DXA examination was performed 1 month after surgery and results were expressed as T-scores in Table 1 .
10
Measuring Bone Mineral Density with DXA
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DXA was performed with a Lunar DXA apparatus (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA). Lumbar spine (L1–L4) and femoral (neck and total) scans were performed, and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured according to manufacture recommendations [20 (link)]. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measures BMD (in grams per square centimeter), with a coefficient of variation of 0.7%. For patients with fragility fractures, BMD was measured on the uninjured limb. For all the other patients, measurements were performed on the non-dominant side, with the participants supine on an examination table with their limbs slightly abducted [21 ]. DXA exam was performed 1 day before surgery for osteoarthritis patients (OA), and 1 months after surgery for osteoporotic (OP) and CTRL patients. The results were expressed as T-scores.
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