Olfactory function was evaluated using a card-type odor identification test developed for Japanese people (Open EssenceⓇ, Fuji Film Wako Pure Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan). Open Essence consists of 12 kinds of odorants, which are perfume, rose, condensed milk, mandarin orange, curry, roasted garlic, sweat-smelling clothes, cooking gas, menthol, India ink, wood, and Japanese cypress [31 (link)]. Total scores ranged from 0 to 12 points.
Open essence
Manufactured by Fujifilm
Sourced in Japan
Open Essence is a versatile lab equipment designed for various applications. It serves as a central platform for sample preparation, analysis, and processing tasks. The core function of Open Essence is to provide a flexible and customizable solution for efficient laboratory workflow.
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Lab products found in correlation
4 protocols using open essence
1
Olfactory Function Assessment Using Open Essence
2
Association of CSF Orexin and Sleep Disturbances in Parkinson's Disease
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To evaluate the association between CSF orexin levels and sleep disturbances, we obtained clinical characteristics, including age, sex, disease duration, and levodopa equivalent daily dose of anti-Parkinson drugs. Sleep disturbance was assessed using the ESS and RBDQ. To assess the general clinical features of PD, we obtained the Hoehn and Yahr scale (HYscale) [26 (link)], Movement Disorder Society—Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) [27 (link)], and Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) results [28 (link)]. Cognitive dysfunction was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) [29 (link)] and frontal assessment battery (FAB) [30 (link)]. To assess the non-motor symptoms of PD, we obtained the olfactory identification score, Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic (SCOPA-AUT) [31 (link)], Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) [32 (link)], and Apathy Scale (AS) [33 (link)]. The olfactory identification score was measured using a card-type kit (“Open Essence”; FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan).
3
Olfactory Function in Healthy Young Adults
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The study comprised 20 healthy male university students with a mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of 21.5 ± 0.87 years (the range of age is from 24 to 20 years) and a mean ± SD body mass index (BMI) of 22.8 ± 3.2 kg/m2 (the range of BMI is form 18.2 kg/m2 to 29.1 kg/m2). None of the participants have any previous record of illnesses related to olfactory function. Pre-screening was conducted before the experiment for each participant to check the normality of their sense of odor using a simple olfactory testing kit (Open Essence, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Japan).
The study was conducted following the ethical principles of the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 (5), and informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study design was approved by the ethics committee of the Nagaoka University of Technology.
The study was conducted following the ethical principles of the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 (5), and informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study design was approved by the ethics committee of the Nagaoka University of Technology.
4
Olfactory Identification Test for Aging Research
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In the olfactory test, Open Essence®, a card-type olfactory identification test kit designed for the Japanese (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corp., Osaka, Japan) [17 ], was used. The kit consisted of 12 typical household aromas that were familiar to the Japanese: perfume, rose, condensed milk, mandarin orange, curry, roasted garlic, musty socks, household gas, menthol, sumi ink, lumber, and Japanese cypress [18 (link),19 (link)]. The aroma was applied to the inside of each card’s facing page. The inner capsule popped open when the card was opened, and the aroma could be perceived, although the odor did not diffuse into the room and dissipated quickly [17 ]. This diagnostic kit for clinical research can measure overall olfactory identification ability based on the total number of correct answers. Further, it is suitable for studies with older adults, as it has been reported to be valuable for screening for age-related changes in olfactory function in previous studies [18 (link),20 (link)].
Participants opened the cards individually in a specific order from card A to L, smelled them, and then selected one of the six alternatives that included the correct answer, three other aromas, “I do not know,” and “Odorless.”
Participants opened the cards individually in a specific order from card A to L, smelled them, and then selected one of the six alternatives that included the correct answer, three other aromas, “I do not know,” and “Odorless.”
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