tubes on ice with 5–6 ceramic beads. 1 mL cold TRIzol lysis reagent
(ThermoFisher 15596026) was added to each sample. Samples were then
homogenized in a bead homogenizer (Omni International) for two cycles of 20
seconds separated by a 10-second pause. Total RNA was then isolated
following manufacturers instructions. Samples were then reverse transcribed
using Applied Biosystems High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit
according to instructions (ThermoFisher 4368813). Quantitative real-time PCR
was performed on the cDNAs in the presence of fluorescent dye (SYBR green,
BioRad) using primers listed in
Expression levels were determined using the comparative cycle threshold
(2−ΔΔCt) method.