Potassium permanganate

All thiolated oligonucleotides used in this study were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, IA). Graphite powder (99%, 7–11 μM) was purchased from Alfa–Aesar (Heysham, Lancashire, UK). Sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrogen peroxide, trisodium citrate, sodium phosphate tribasic, sodium phosphate dibasic, boric acid, tetrachloroauric acid, dimethyl sulfoxide, apigenin, xylene, ethanol, 3,3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride, hematoxylin, and isopropanol were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI). Citric acid, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium permanganate, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Mallinckrodt Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ). Alpha-MEM and fetal bovine serum were purchased from GIBCO (Campinas, Brazil). An MTT assay kit was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). MUC1 (VU4H5) mouse mAb, anti-mouse IgG, and HRP-linked antibody were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Milli-Q ultrapure water (18 MΩ, Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used in all experiments.

Native corn starch (NCS) provided by Alfonso Rivas and Cía (Caracas, Venezuela). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%) from Merck (Darmstadt, Alemania), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH₂OH HCl, 99%) from Loba Chemie (Mumbai, India), ethyl alcohol (CH₃CH₂OH, 95%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99%), itaconic acid (C₃H₄(COOH)₂), ≤99%), potassium nitrate (KNO₃, ≥99%) from Merck (Darmstadt, Alemania), sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.8%) from Baker (Madrid, Spain), phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄, 85.5%) from Fisher Scientific (Madrid, Spain), ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl, ≥99.5%), magnesium chloride (MgCl₂, ≥98%), iron (III) chloride (FeCl₃, 97%), potassium chloride (KCl, ≥99%), trisodium phosphate sodium dodecahydrate (Na₃PO₄ 12H₂O, ≥98%), monobasic sodium phosphate anhydrous (NaH₂PO₄, 98–100.5%), ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃, ≥98%), urea (CH₄N₂O, 98%), from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Kansas, MO, USA), disodium phosphate anhydrous (Na₂HPO₄, 98–100.5%) from Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain), p-dimethylaminobelzaldehyde (C₉H₁₁NO, 99%) from Himedia (Mumbai, India), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄, 99%), sodium bisulfite (NaHSO₃, 66.9%) from Mallinckrodt (Staines, Reino Unido). All reagents were used as received.