Erk phospho erk

K562 cells were lysed with 1X passive lysis buffer (Promega, Madison, WI) and total protein was quantified with a BCA protein assay kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL). The extracted proteins were separated on a 10% SDS-PAGE and then transferred to Nitrocellulose membranes (Whatman, Maidstone, Kent). After blocking in 1x TBS-Tween 20 containing 5% nonfat milk (5% TTBS) (Difco Franklin Lakes, NJ), membranes were probed with specific antibodies (in 5% TTBS) for K_v2.1, K_v3.3, p38, phospho-p38 (Abcam, Cambridge, MA), K_v1.2, K_v1.3, CREB, phospho-CREB (Millipore, Billerica, MA), ERK, phospho-ERK (Cell Signaling Technology, Inc, Danver, MA), K_v9.3, c-fos or β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA). After overnight incubation, membranes were treated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat, anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA) and visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescent detection kit (iNtron Biotechnology, Gyeonggi-do, Korea)

Anemoside B4 (B4, chemical structure C₅9H₉6O₂₆, molecular weight = 1,221.38, purity >98%) was purchased from the Chinese National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products. PDGF-BB was purchased from PEPROTECH. The small molecule inhibitors LY294002 (PI3K/Akt inhibitor), SD98059 (ERK inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor), and SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Primary antibodies against Akt/phospho-Akt, ERK/phospho-ERK, p38 MAPK/ phospho-p38 MAPK, and JNK/phospho-JNK were from Cell Signaling Technology (Massachusetts, USA). Antibodies against α-SMA, Calponin, SM22-α, and BrdU were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). TUNEL staining kit was obtained from Roche. 5-Bromo-3′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). See Supplementary Tables 1, 2 for detailed information.

Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1, chemical structure C₄₇H₈₀O₁₈, molecular weight = 933, purity >98%) was purchased from Chinese National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products. rhEGF and rhFGF were purchased from Promega (Madison, WI). The small molecule inhibitors LY294002 (PI3K/Akt inhibitor), SPD98059 (ERK inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor), SP600125 (JNK inhibitor), BrdU were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Primary antibodies against Akt/phospho-Akt, ERK/phospho-ERK, p38/ phospho-p38 and JNK/ phospho-JNK were all purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Massachusetts, USA). Antibodies against Myosin-11, SMA, Calponin, SM22-α and BrdU were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). See Supplementary Tables 1-2 for detailed information.