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8 protocols using polyvinylpyrrolidone k30

1

Analytical Characterization of Cyadox and Metabolites

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Cyx (C12H9N5O3, CAS NO. 65884-46-0, molecular weight 271.23 g/mol, 98% purity) and four of its major metabolites including 1,4-bidesoxycyadox (Cy1), cyadox-1-monoxide (Cy2), N-(quinoxaline-2-methyl)-cyanide acetyl hydrazine (Cy4) and quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (Cy6) were the product of Institute of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Huazhong Agricultural University (Wuhan, China). Other chemicals such as polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP), hydrochloric acid (HCL), methanol (MeOH), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), sodium chloride (NaCl), ethanol (C2H5OH), potassium chloride (KCl), disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (Na2HPO4.12H2O), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonitrile (CH3CN), and acetone (CH3COCH3) were commercially obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.(Shanghai, China). Deionized water, used for all experiments, was purified using Millipore® purified water system (Milli-Q Co., Ltd, France). All other chemicals and reagents used in this experiment were of highly analytical grade.
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2

Synthesis and Characterization of Cyx and Metabolites

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Cyx (≥98%) and its four metabolites Cy1, Cy2, Cy4, and Cy6 were synthesized at the Veterinary Institute of Pharmaceuticals in Huazhong Agricultural University (Wuhan, PR China). HPLC-grade acetonitrile (ACN) and methanol (MeOH) were purchased from Fisher Chemicals Co. (New Jersey, USA). Oasis HLB cartridges (3 mL, 60 mg) were acquired from Waters (Milford, MA, USA). Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sodium chloride (NaCl), and trichloromethane (TCM) were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., LTD (Shanghai, PR China). Water was purified using the Milli-Q water purification system (Milli-Q Co., Ltd, France). All other chemicals and reagents used were of high analytical grade.
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc-Based Photosensitizers

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Zinc acetate (99%), thiourea (AR, 99%), indocyanine green (ICG), iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) and 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) were purchased from Aladdin Co. Ltd. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (K30), Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (AR), methanol anhydrous, sulfuric acid and sodium acetate anhydrous were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. Tirapazamine and CCK-8 were supplied by Dalian Meilun Biotechnology Co. Ltd. Poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS, Mw = ~70000), 2-methylimidazole, N, N-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (≥99.0%) and dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA, ≥97%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.
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4

Polyphenylene Sulfone Membrane Fabrication

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Polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU) was obtained from Shandong Horan Special Plastic Co., Ltd. (Weihai, China) 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) were obtained from Shanghai Lingfeng Chemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30, Mw = 44,000–54,000), Flake graphite (3,500 mesh), Potassium persulfate (K2S2O8), sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 98%), Nitric acid (HNO3, 68%), Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and hydrogen peroxide were acquired from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) Titanium dioxide (TiO2, P25) was purchased from Degussa AG Co., Ltd. (Frankfurt, Germany) Phenazopyridine hydrochloride (PhP) was obtained from Adams Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) Characteristics of phenazopyridine hydrochloride were shown in Table 1. All reagents were applied without further purification.
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5

Whole Blood-Derived Silica Nanoparticles

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Tetraethoxysilane ([TEOS], 96%), ammonia (25%), sulphuric acid (98%), hydrogen peroxide (40%), sodium dodecyl sulphate ([SDS], 95%), Tween 20 (95%), Tween 80 (95%), cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide ([CTAB], 99%), Triton X-100 (95%), polyvinylpyrrolidone-K30 ([PVP K-30], 95%) and 5-sulfosalicylic acid (95%) were purchased from the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Ethanol was purchased from the TEDIA Company (Fairfield, OH, USA). All of the solvents and chemicals used were of analytical quality and were used without further purification unless indicated.
Whole blood was donated by the authors and stored in evacuated glass blood collection tubes containing 0.1 mg/mL EDTA (BD Vacutainer, Shanghai, China) at –25 °C. It was thawed to room temperature before use.
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6

Synthesis of Zinc-Based Catalysts

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Zinc nitrate hexahydrate [Zn(NO3)2·6H2O] (99%, AR), melamine (99%, AR), polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (GR), N-hexane (AR), Dichloromethane (AR), sodium borohydride (>98%), anhydrous ethanol (99.7%, AR), sodium hydroxide (>96%, AR), isopropyl alcohol (99.7%, AR), and toluene (99.5%, AR) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Salicylic acid (99.5%, AR), glutaric dialdehyde (AR), and CALB (immobilized lipase B from Candida Antarctica) were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Span 85 (AR), Palladium(II) acetylacetonate (99%), rac-1-Phenylethylamine (99%), and (S)-1-Phenethylamine (>98%) were purchased from Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (>95%) was purchased from Bide Pharmatech Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The 4-Chlorophenyl pentanoate was obtained via chemical organic synthesis. Hydrogen (>99.99%) was obtained from Hangzhou Minxing Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China).
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7

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

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Silver nitrate (99.8%), polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 (PVP, Mw = 55000, GR), glycerol (99%), sodium chloride (99.8%), sodium diethyldithiocarbamatre (DDTC, AR) and sodium borohydride (AR) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ethanol (99.7%) was purchased from Tianjin Fuyu Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). p-Aminothiophenol (PATP, 98%), crystal violet (99%), sodium perchlorate (AR), tetramethylthiuram disulfide (thiram, 99%), malachite green (AR), potassium nitrate (AR), fluoranthene (AR), 1-propanethiol (99.5%), and methanol (99.9%) were obtained from Aladdin Chemicals (Shanghai, China). Ag/AgCl reference electrode and electrode clamp (Platinum plate, PTFE) were purchased from Wuhan GaossUnion Technology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China) Titanium sheet (99.99%) was obtained from Jinbu Titanium Nickel Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (Baoji, China). The quantitative filter paper (Model: 203) was purchased from Shanghai Leigu Instrument Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ultrapure water (18.25 MΩ∙cm−1) was used in all steps.
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8

Nickel-based Nanoparticle Synthesis

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All chemical reagents were used as received without further purification. Nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2·6H2O), sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), ammonia solution 25–28% (NH3·H2O) and polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 ((C6H9NO)n) were obtained from Sinopharm (Shanghai, China). Deionized water was obtained from a laboratory purification system (>15.0 MΩ cm).
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