Spss statistical analysis software version 17

Data analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical analysis software, version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The MARI of an isolate was defined as a/b, where a represents the number of antibiotics to which the isolate was resistant, while b represents the number of antibiotics for which the isolate was examined [17 (link),38 (link),39 (link),45 (link)].

Expression of each gene was calculated using RNA-Seq by Expectation-Maximization (RSEM, http://deweylab.github.io/RSEM/, accessed on 17 October 2021). Genes with the criteria, fold-changes ≥ 2.0 or ≤0.5, and p-values < 0.05 relative to the control were defined as DEGs. These DEGs were used for gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database (https://www.genome.jp/kegg/, accessed on 17 October 2021). Significantly changed GSEA were identified when the enrichment test p-value fell below 0.05 [32 (link)]. All tests were performed in triplicates. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical analysis software version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Armonk, NY, USA).

The DEGs were analyzed as described in our recent reports [15 (link),16 (link),72 (link)]. All tests were carried out in triplicate. The data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical analysis software version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Armonk, NY, USA). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using the least-significant difference (LSD) method and homogeneity of variance test. There was no significant difference between the control and the treatment groups if the generalized p-values were more than 0.05; conversely, there was significant difference if p-values were less than 0.05.

Expression of each gene was calculated using the RNA-Seq by Expectation-Maximization (RSEM, http://deweylab.github.io/RSEM/, accessed on 13 October 2022). The criteria for DEGs were the same as described in our precious report [59 (link)]. The DEGs were used for gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/, accessed on 13 October 2022). All the tests were conducted in triplicates. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical analysis software version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Data analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical analysis software version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). The multiple antimicrobial resistance index (MARI) of an isolate is defined as a/b, where a represents the number of antibiotics to which the isolate was resistant, and b represents the number of antibiotics to which the isolate was subjected (Krumperman 1983 (link)). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by appropriate post-hoc test (Tukey) was performed to determine significant differences between the four different fish samples and MARI of resistant isolates, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. DNA banding patterns generated by the ERIC-PCR were analyzed using the BioNumerics 7.6 software (Meacham et al. 2003 (link)). All the PCR fingerprinting profiles were assigned arbitrary designations, and quantitative differences among the profiles were defined using the Dice coefficient. Cluster analysis was carried out based on the unweighted pair group with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) using a position tolerance of 0.5. The single numerical index of discrimination (D) was based on the probability that two unrelated strains sampled from the test population will be placed into different typing groups. This probability can be calculated by Simpson’s index of diversity (Simpson 1972 ).