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1

Striatal SOD Activity Quantification

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The striatum in each of the four groups (n = 8 per group) were homogenized in cold saline and SOD activity was detected using test kits (catalog no. A001-2-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) according to manufacturer instruction.
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2

Quantifying Ceruloplasmin and Cu/Zn-SOD

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The content of ceruloplasmin and Cu/Zn-SOD activity was detected using the ceruloplasmin assay kit (A029-1-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Corp., Nanjing, China) and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) assay kit (A001-2-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Corp., Nanjing, China) according to the supplier’s instructions.
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3

Comprehensive Analysis of Pork Quality Attributes

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Contents of moisture, crude protein, IMF, ash, and inosinic acid in LT were measured by freeze-dryer (ALPHA 2–4 LSC, Christ Martin GmbH), automatic nitrogen analyzer (8400, FOSS, Denmark), fat analyzer (2055 SOXTEC, FOSS, Denmark), box resistance furnace (SX2-4-10N, Yiheng, Shanghai, China), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, LC-20AD, Shimazu, Japan), respectively, as described previously (16 (link)). Briefly, the contents of moisture, crude protein, IMF, and ash were analyzed by the freeze-drying method, Kjeldahl method, Soxhlet extraction, and burning method, respectively.
The sample preparation procedure comprised homogenization of LT (0.1 g) and 0.9% saline (0.9 mL), and 1,500 r/min for 2 min, followed by centrifugation at 3,500 × g for 15 min at 4°C to collect the supernatant. Then, contents of cholesterol, triglyceride, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined according to the instructions (F001-1-1, F002-1-1, A003-2-2, A015-1-2, A005-1-2, A001-1-2; Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China). The plate was read by a multi-functional enzyme labeling instrument (Spectra Max M5, Molecular Devices, USA) at 532 nm (MDA), 520 nm (T-AOC), 412 nm (GSH-Px), and 450 nm (SOD).
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Intragastric La2O3 NPs and MPs Impact on Testis Oxidative Stress

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After intragastric administration of La2O3 NPs and MPs, the levels of MDA and activities of SOD and CAT in the testis were tested using the following assay kits: A001-1-2, A003-3-1 and A007-2-1 (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, China). The steps were based on the manufacturers’ protocol. All assays were performed in triplicate.
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5

Oxidative Stress Biomarker Analysis

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The activities in plasma of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were assayed using colorimetric kits (A001-1-2, A005-1-2 and A003-1-2, Nanjing Jiancheng Institute of Bioengineering, Nanjing, China) and a spectrophotometer (Biomate 5, Thermo Electron Corporation, Rochester, NY).
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6

Antioxidant Enzyme Evaluation in Organs

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The SOD activity and contents of MDA in liver, lung, and kidney tissues were measured according to their respective kits following the manufacturer’s instructions (Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Cat: A001-1-2, Cat: A003-4-1, Nanjing, China).
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7

Plasma Immunological and Antioxidant Markers

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Plasma immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4) contents and lysozyme (LZM) activity were determined using the immunoprotein assay kit (H109-1-1, H186-1-1, H186-2-1, A150-1-1; Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The contents of IgM, C3 and C4 were calculated by the standard curve method and LZM activity was determined using the turbidimetric method. The activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma were determined by using the kits (A105-1-1, A001-1-2, A006-1-1, A007-2-1, A003-1-2; Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China). T-AOC and SOD, GSH, CAT and MDA of plasma were determined by the ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method, hydroxylamine method, spectrophotometric method and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method, respectively.
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8

Cytokine and Oxidative Stress Evaluation

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Cytokines was correlated tightly with the occurrence of the infection, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), while myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were correlated with oxidative stress reaction, which was often occurred in UC. So here we measured this cytokinesis to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment. IL-6 (SEA079Ra; Cloud-Clone Corp) and TNF-α (SEA133Ra; Cloud-Clone Corp) were quantified using commercially available ELISA kits. Standard curves are shown in Supplementary Figure S1D,E. MPO (A044-1-1; Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute), GSH (A006-1-1; Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute), MDA (A003-1-2; Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute) and T-SOD (A001-1-2; Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute levels in sera were determined by ELISA assay kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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9

Spleen Antioxidant and Cytokine Analysis

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Plasma proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α concentration were measured using corresponding assay (ELISA) kits (no. CRE0005 and CRE0003, 4A Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Spleen samples for biochemical analysis were prepared as previously described by our group.28,29 (link) Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capability (T-AOC) and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured using corresponding assay kits (no. A005-1-2, A001-1-2, A015-1-2, and A003-1-2, Jiancheng Bioengineering, Nanjing, China). Concentrations of protein were determined with the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method (BCA protein assay kit, no. A045-3-2, Jiancheng Bioengineering, Nanjing, China). For each measurement, the compared samples were run on the same plate and experiments were performed in triplicate.
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10

Histomorphological and Biochemical Analyses of Intestinal Tissues

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The duodenum, jejunum, ileum tissues were microscopically examined after fixing in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and processing for paraffin embedding, sectioning at 5 μm, and then staining with hematoxylin and eosin [17 (link)]. The concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and reduced glutathione (GSH) and activity of diamine oxidase (DAO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were measured by a colorimetric method with the use of specific assay kits (H255, A003-1-2, A087-1-2, A006-1-1, A088-1-1, A001-1-2 and A015-1-2) from the Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute of China. Protein concentration was measured by the bicinchoninic acid assay (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu, China).
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