The water samples that were collected from the three different hot springs (from their sites of origin) were analysed to discern the major ions that were present in them and to also quantify their concentrations. These measurements were carried out following standard protocols [16 (link)]. Briefly, the alkalinity of the samples was measured using an auto-titrator Titrino plus 877 (Metrohm, Switzerland). The concentrations of the major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Li+) and anions (Cl−, SO42−) were measured using ion chromatography instrument Compact IC plus 882 (Metrohm, Switzerland). The accuracy and precision of these analyses were regularly monitored and were found to have average values of ±4%. The net inorganic charge balance (NICB) for these samples were within ±10% (Results Section 3.5 ), thus ensuring good data quality.
882 compact ic plus
Manufactured by Metrohm
Sourced in Switzerland
The 882 Compact IC plus is an ion chromatography (IC) system designed for the analysis of ion concentrations in liquid samples. It provides precise and reliable measurements of anions and cations in a compact and user-friendly package. The core function of this instrument is to separate, identify, and quantify ionic species in a wide range of applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
6 protocols using 882 compact ic plus
1
Quantitative Analysis of Hot Spring Water Ions
2
Salivary Ion Composition Analysis
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The majority ions in the basal saliva samples taken during the visit at beginning of the treatment (V0) and at the end of the treatment (V30) were determined by ion chromatography in Metrohm Com-pact IC Plus 882 equipment. Each determination was made in duplicate. Six anions (Fluoride, chlorine, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate) and five cations (sodium, ammonium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) were quantified.
3
Comprehensive Biogeochemical Analyses
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Nitrite, ammonium, and sulfide were analyzed photometrically according to Griess (1879 ), Krom (1980 ), and Cline (1969 ), respectively. Along with nitrate and phosphate, nitrite concentrations were additionally determined by flow-injection analysis (FIA; SAN++, Skalar). Sulfate was measured by ion chromatography (882 Compact IC plus, Metrohm).
Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; Element2, Thermo-Fisher) was used to measure concentrations of total and dissolved metal fractions. Additionally, Fe(II)/(III) concentrations were determined photometrically in both filtered and unfiltered samples with the ferrozine assay (Stookey, 1970 ). Fe(II) was measured directly and Fe(II)+Fe(III) was determined after reduction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (Viollier et al., 2000 (link)).
Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; Element2, Thermo-Fisher) was used to measure concentrations of total and dissolved metal fractions. Additionally, Fe(II)/(III) concentrations were determined photometrically in both filtered and unfiltered samples with the ferrozine assay (Stookey, 1970 ). Fe(II) was measured directly and Fe(II)+Fe(III) was determined after reduction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (Viollier et al., 2000 (link)).
4
Brine and Alkaline Solution Preparation
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The employed brine and alkaline solutions were prepared using deionized
water (conductivity below 15 μS/cm). NaOH pellets (technical
grade, purity >97%, INOVYN) were used to prepare the alkaline solution.
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2·6H2O) (technical grade, purity >97%, Chem-Lab, Belgium) pellets were
employed to prepare the brine solution.Table 1 lists the brine and alkaline solutions prepared
for each experimental test. The final compositions of all brine solutions
were checked via ion chromatography (Metrohm 882 Compact IC plus).
Final compositions of the alkaline solutions were checked via titration.
water (conductivity below 15 μS/cm). NaOH pellets (technical
grade, purity >97%, INOVYN) were used to prepare the alkaline solution.
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2·6H2O) (technical grade, purity >97%, Chem-Lab, Belgium) pellets were
employed to prepare the brine solution.
for each experimental test. The final compositions of all brine solutions
were checked via ion chromatography (Metrohm 882 Compact IC plus).
Final compositions of the alkaline solutions were checked via titration.
5
Nitrate Analysis Using Ion Chromatography
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Nitrate analysis was carried out by using a Metrohm ® 882 Compact IC plus. The apparatus allows measuring specific negative ions with the column Metrosep A Supp 5 150/4.0 mm. The standard was from Sigma-Aldrich, NO3− ion solution at 1 g L−1, and it was diluted in order to be used in the range of interest.
6
Sediment Pore Water Geochemistry Profiling
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The sediment sampling, pore water analyses, and oxygen measurements are described in Müller et al. (20 (link)). Briefly, we used a gravity corer for the sediment sampling with PVC tubes (5.9-cm diameter and 60-cm length; Uwitec, Austria). The PVC tubes had predrilled ports to extract pore water samples (∼200 μl) in a 0.25-cm depth resolution using MicroRhizon filter tubes (0.2 μm pore size; 0.8 mm diameter; Rhizosphere Research Products, Wageningen, Netherlands). The pore water was sampled onshore immediately after core retrieval, transferred to 1.5-ml tubes, stored on ice in the dark, and analyzed within 24 h. NO3−, NO2−, SO42−, and NH4+ were analyzed using two ion chromatography devices (cations, 882 Compact IC plus; anions, 881 Compact IC pro; Metrohm, Switzerland). In addition, vertical O2 concentration profiles were recorded with an O2 micro-optode mounted to an automated micromanipulator (Presens, Germany) immediately after core retrieval. The O2 and pore water profiles were visualized using ggplot2, and the spatial and temporal differences were calculated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) from the base statistical packages in R (version 3.6.1) (73 (link), 74 ).
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