Adenine

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Adenine is a purine nucleobase that is a core component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It serves as an essential building block for various biomolecules involved in cellular processes.

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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (4 citations) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), (2 citations) Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (2 citations) Reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) (2 citations)

29 protocols using adenine

Candida albicans Strain Maintenance Protocol

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Two Candida albicans strains were used in this study, one a clinical isolate (Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ) and the other, a quality control strain from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (Wayne, PA). There was no difference in results with the two strains. The two strains were maintained on YPD agar (RPI, Mount Pleasant, IL). For experiments, a loopful of fungi was added to 5 ml YPD broth (Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, CA) and incubated overnight at 26°C with shaking. After 24 h, the yeasts were collected by centrifugation at 1,200 × g for 5 min, resuspended, and washed thoroughly in Tris-buffered saline with 2 mM Ca²⁺ (TBS-C). This was repeated three times, and cells were then resuspended to 10⁹ cells/ml in TBS-C and used as described below. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains Als5p, V326N, and EV (background W303-1B) expressing variations of the C. albicans Als5p protein (19 (link)) were under a galactose promoter; therefore, the strains were grown in CSM-Trp galactose broth plus adenine (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA). Yeast strains were maintained on agar with the same medium. S. cerevisiae strains were cultured in CSM-Trp galactose broth plus adenine at 26°C for 48 h, and washed with TBS-C as described above.

Behrens N.E., Lipke P.N., Pilling D., Gomer R.H, & Klotz S.A. (2019). Serum Amyloid P Component Binds Fungal Surface Amyloid and Decreases Human Macrophage Phagocytosis and Secretion of Inflammatory Cytokines. mBio, 10(2), e00218-19.

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Culturing Human USC in Combined Media

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Human USC were cultured in combined media: Keratinocyte serum-free medium (KSFM) and progenitor cell medium (1:1) as previously reported [55 (link)]. Briefly, KSFM was supplemented with 5 ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 50 ng/ml bovine pituitary extract, 30 ng/ml cholera toxin, 100 U/ml penicillin and 1 mg/ml streptomycin. Progenitor cell medium contained ¾ Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, ¼ Hamm’s F12, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.4 μg/ml hydrocortisone, 10⁻¹⁰ M cholera toxin, 5 ng/ml insulin, 1.8 × 10⁻⁴ M adenine, 5 μg/ml transferrin plus 2 × 10⁻⁹ M 3,39,5-triiodo-L-thyronine, 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF), 10% penicillin and streptomycin, were all purchased from Gibco (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Acetone, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and all other reagents were used in this study. Demineralized water was used in all cases.

Ding H., George S., Leng X.I., Ihnat M., Ma J.X., Jiang G., Margolis D., Dumond J, & Zhang Y. (2022). Silk fibers assisted long-term 3D culture of human primary urinary stem cells via inhibition of senescence-associated genes: Potential use in the assessment of chronic mitochondrial toxicity. Materials today. Advances, 15, 100261.

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Culturing Human USC in Combined Media

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Culturing and Maintaining Leishmania braziliensis

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L. braziliensis promastigotes (MHOM/BR/01/BA788) (de Moura et al., 2005 (link)) were maintained in Medium 199 (Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with 20% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS), Hepes (40 mM), Adenine (0.1 mM), Hemin (5 μg/ml), Biotin (1 μg/ml), and antibiotics (penicillin 100 IU/mL and streptomycin 100 μg/mL) (all from ThermoScientific) at 26°C. Prior to in vitro and in vivo infection assays, selected L. braziliensis transfectants were grown in Schneider‘s insect medium (Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with 10 % FCS, 2 mM L-Glutamine, penicillin 100 U/ml and streptomycin 100 μl/ml (ThermoScientific).

Sharma R., Silveira-Mattos P.S., Ferreira V.C., Rangel F.A., Oliveira L.B., Celes F.S., Viana S.M., Wilson M.E, & de Oliveira C.I. (2020). Generation and Characterization of a Dual-Reporter Transgenic Leishmania braziliensis Line Expressing eGFP and Luciferase. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 9, 468.

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Maintaining L. amazonensis Promastigotes

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L. amazonensis (MHOM/BR/1973/M2269) promastigotes were maintained in culture in M199 medium (Gibco™, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Gibco™), 5 ppm hemin, 100 μM adenine (Gibco™), 100 U penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Gibco™), 40 mM HEPES-NaOH (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and 12 mM NaHCO₃ (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), pH 7.0, for 1 week at 25°C at a low passage (P1 to P5).

Muxel S.M., Acuña S.M., Aoki J.I., Zampieri R.A, & Floeter-Winter L.M. (2018). Toll-Like Receptor and miRNA-let-7e Expression Alter the Inflammatory Response in Leishmania amazonensis-Infected Macrophages. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 2792.

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Isolation and Culture of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes

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HEKs were isolated from neonatal foreskin samples obtained from healthy newborns (n = 6) after circumcision following a method described previously [4 (link),32 (link)]. Briefly, the tissue was cut into small pieces and trypsinized using 0.05% Trypsin–EDTA for 2 h at 37 °C with continuous agitation. Cells were collected every 30 min and counted using trypan blue (All from Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Cells were cultured at a seeding density of 2.5 × 10⁴/cm² on a feeder layer of lethally irradiated 3T3-J2 cells. Complete keratinocyte media [DMEM and Ham’s F12 media (2:1 mixture), 10% FCS, glutamine (4 mM), penicillin–streptomycin (50 IU/mL; all from Gibco), adenine (0.18 mM), insulin (5 μg/mL), cholera toxin (0.1 nM), triiodothyronine (2 nM), and hydrocortisone (0.4 μg/mL; all from Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA)) were added to each well. Epidermal growth factor (10 ng/mL; Austral Biologicals, San Ramon, CA, USA) was added to the culture media, starting on day 3. The media were changed every alternative day. Subconfluent primary cultures were passaged at a density of 6 × 10³ cells/cm² and cultured as above. All cultures were incubated in 5% CO₂ at 37 °C.

Ali D., Alhattab D., Jafar H., Alzubide M., Sharar N., Bdour S, & Awidi A. (2021). Differential Marker Expression between Keratinocyte Stem Cells and Their Progeny Generated from a Single Colony. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(19), 10810.

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Culturing Cervical Cancer and Endothelial Cells

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The human cervical cancer cell lines, SiHa and HeLa, were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was purchased from Procell. The HPV16-positive immortalized human cervical keratinocyte cell line, S12, was a gift from Professor Kenneth Raj (Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Health Protection Agency, UK) and had been well applied in our laboratory (18 (link),19 (link)). All the cells were cultured at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. The SiHa and HeLa cells grew in DMEM (Gibco) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco). The S12 cells were cultured in a 1:3 mixture of DMEM and Ham F-12 medium (Gibco) supplemented with 5% FBS (Gibco), 5 μg/ml insulin, 8.4 ng/ml cholera toxin, 24.3 μg/ml adenine, 0.5 μg/ml hydrocortisone and 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor. These cell culture medium supplements were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The HUVECs were maintained in endothelial cell medium (ECM; Sciencell).

Zhou Y., Wang W., Wei R., Jiang G., Li F., Chen X., Wang X., Long S., Ma D, & Xi L. (2019). Serum bradykinin levels as a diagnostic marker in cervical cancer with a potential mechanism to promote VEGF expression via BDKRB2. International Journal of Oncology, 55(1), 131-141.

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Fibroblast-Keratinocyte Co-culture Protocol

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A total of 2 mg/ml of rat tail COL (Corning, Corning, NY) was diluted in 0.1% of acetic acid. Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (250 ml, Gibco), 2 ml of rat tail COL, and 250 ml of FBS containing 1 million fibroblasts were mixed in condition and neutralized with 1 M sodium hydroxide. In total, 2.5 ml of the mixture was inserted into a cell culture insert. After solidification, the gel was incubated with DMEM (Gibco) at 37 C overnight. One million of keratinocytes were added into the glass ring placed on the gel. The cells were cultured for 3 weeks with coculture medium containing 500 ml of DMEM, 500 ml of Ham's (Gibco) F12, 5% of FBS, 100 U of penicillin (Gibco), 100 mg/ml of streptomycin (Gibco), 5 mg/ml of insulin (Gibco), 0.1 mM of adenine (Gibco), 0.4 mg/ml of hydrocortisone (Gibco), 1 ng/ml of EGF (Gibco), and 50 mg/ml of Lascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO).

Akasaka E., Kleiser S., Sengle G., Bruckner-Tuderman L, & Nyström A. (2021). Diversity of Mechanisms Underlying Latent TGF-β Activation in Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa. The Journal of investigative dermatology, 141(6).

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Synthesis and Purification of G-Quadruplex Ligands

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Commercially available reagents and reactants were used without further purification. Chemicals were obtained from the following companies: Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG (Karlsruhe, D): Berberine chloride, 3-bromo-1-propyne. Alfa Aesar GmbH & Co. KG (Karlsruhe, D): Adenine. Acros Organics: 3-Phenyl-1-propyne. Biomers.net GmbH (Ulm, D): 22AG, a2, F21T, Fa2T, FmycT, FkitT, and FkrasT. 9-(Azidoalkyl)berberine derivatives 3a–e [54 (link)] and 9-propargylAdenine (2) [53 (link)] were synthesized according to published procedures. Stock solutions of the ligands (1.0 mM) were prepared in MeOH (HPLC grade). Buffer solutions were prepared with biochemical grade chemicals in E-Pure water (resistivity ≥ 18 MΩ cm) and filtered through a membrane filter (0.45 µm pore size). K-phosphate-buffer (22AG, a2): 25 mM K₂HPO₄, 70 mM KCl; pH 7.0; Na-cacodylate buffer (F21T, Fa2T, FmycT, FkitT, and FkrasT): 90 µM LiCl, 10 mM KCl, 10 mM Na(CH₃)₂AsO₂ × 3H₂O, pH 7.2–7.3. The K-phosphate buffer solutions and the Na-cacodylate buffer solutions were stored at 4 °C in the dark.

Becher J., Berdnikova D.V., Ihmels H, & Stremmel C. (2020). Synthesis and investigation of quadruplex-DNA-binding, 9-O-substituted berberine derivatives. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 16, 2795-2806.

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Comprehensive Chemical Supplier Inventory

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Acetonitrile
(MeCN) and dichloromethane were
purchased from Actu-All Chemicals (Oss, The Netherlands) and Biosolves
(Valkenswaard, The Netherlands), respectively. Spermine, thiamine,
choline, tryptamine, creatine, L-neopterin, trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline, and inosine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim,
Germany). l-arginine, l-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-tryptophan, l-proline, l-glutamine, l-lysine, histamine, adenosine and procaine were supplied from
Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Agmatine, adenine, and serotonin were
purchased from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany). Paracetamol and nicotine
were obtained from Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany) and Carl Roth
(Karlsruhe, Germany), respectively. MS-grade water was provided through
a Milli-Q Advantage A10 water purification system (Merck, Darmstadt,
Germany).

Drouin N., van Mever M., Zhang W., Tobolkina E., Ferre S., Servais A.C., Gou M.J., Nyssen L., Fillet M., Lageveen-Kammeijer G.S., Nouta J., Chetwynd A.J., Lynch I., Thorn J.A., Meixner J., Lößner C., Taverna M., Liu S., Tran N.T., Francois Y., Lechner A., Nehmé R., Al Hamoui Dit Banni G., Nasreddine R., Colas C., Lindner H.H., Faserl K., Neusüß C., Nelke M., Lämmerer S., Perrin C., Bich-Muracciole C., Barbas C., Gonzálvez Á.L., Guttman A., Szigeti M., Britz-McKibbin P., Kroezen Z., Shanmuganathan M., Nemes P., Portero E.P., Hankemeier T., Codesido S., González-Ruiz V., Rudaz S, & Ramautar R. (2020). Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry at Trial by Metabo-Ring: Effective Electrophoretic Mobility for Reproducible and Robust Compound Annotation. Analytical Chemistry, 92(20), 14103-14112.

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