P sting

The samples for confocal immunofluorescent staining were stored at −80°C for frozen sectioning. The frozen sections were cut into 4 μm slices, blocked and permeated with 3% BSA‐0.5% Triton for 30 min at room temperature, and incubated with primary antibody to detect P‐STING or NLRP3 (Abcam, Cambridge, England) at 4°C overnight. Donkey anti‐rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 647; Abcam) or donkey anti‐goat IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 488; Abcam) was used to visualize the primary antibody. Nuclei were stained with 4′, 6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI, Invitrogen) Images were captured and analyzed with a confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss).

DMEM, RPMI 1640, and Opti-MEM medium were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Fetal bovine serum, Hoechst 33342, propidiumiodide (PI), penicillin G sodium salt, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Freund’s complete adjuvant, and chicken type II collagen were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Antibodies against NLRP3, GSDMD, caspase-1, NF-κB, and p-NF-κB were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Antibodies against Tubulin, STING, p-STING, F4/80, and γ-H2AX were obtained From Abcam (Cambridge, United Kingdom). Mouse IL-1β and IL-18 uncoated ELISA kits were purchased from Thermos Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay kits were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). TRIzol reagent, PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser, Effectene Transfection Reagent, and SYBR Premix Ex TaqII were obtained from Vazyme (Nanjing, China). CCCP and JSH-23 were purchased from MCE (New Jersey, USA). Human or mouse PBMC separation medium were obtained from Solarbio (Beijing, China).