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21 protocols using mrt67307

1

THP1 and MEF Cell Stimulation

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THP1 cells were treated with 500 ng/ml Ultrapure LPS from Escherichia coli 0111: B4 (Invivogen, Cat# tlrl-3pelps) or Salmonella minnesota (Invivogen, Cat# tlrl-smlps) in standard RPMI complete media. Similarly, THP1 cells in RMPI complete media were stimulated with 500 ng/ml Pam3CSK4 (Invivogen, Cat# tlrl-pms). Primary MEFs were transfected with 0.5 μg of 5′ppp-dsRNA or 4 μg HT-DNA per well of a 6-well plate using with Lipofectamine 2000 as described earlier117 (link). Dox (Sigma, Cat# D1515) was supplemented in the THP1 and MEF culture media at 0.5–2 μM. CPT (Cayman Cat# 11694) was used at a concentration of 1–5 μM for the indicated time periods. Cells were exposed to 5 Gy IR and harvested 1 h post-IR. THP1 cells were pretreated with 2 μM TBK1 inhibitor MRT67307 (EMD Millipore, Cat# 506306) or dimethyl sulfoxide vehicle control as described earlier118 (link) preceding cGAMP treatment. THP1 cells were stimulated with recombinant human IFN-β (0.5–100 ng/ml) (Peprotech, Cat# 300-02BC) in culture media. Cells were pretreated with 25 μM ATM inhibitor KU-55933 (Sigma Cat# SML1109), 10 μM PARP inhibitor olaparib (Cayman Cat# 10621), or 10 μM PARP1 inhibitor rucaparib (Cayman Cat# 15643) for 2 h. Cells were harvested at the indicated time points for analysis. Cellular NAD+ levels were boosted by preincubating cells for 24 h with 2–4 mM NAM (Sigma Cat# 47865-U).
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2

Examination of Cell Death Mechanisms

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Birinapant and LCL-161 were purchased from MedChemExpress. zVAD-fmk was purchased from Bachem. Necrostatin-1 was obtained from Tocris Bioscience. MRT67307, TPCA-1 [5-(p-Fluorophenyl)-2-ureido]thiophene-3-carboxamide and Protease Inhibitor Cocktail Set V were purchased from EMD Millipore.
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3

Inhibiting Rab7 and TBK1/IKKε in STING Activation

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For all inhibitor studies, cells were pretreated for 30 min with each inhibitor +/− 1μg ml−1 poly(dA:dT) (Invivogen) prepared with X-tremeGENE™ 9. Rab7 was inhibited with 100nM of Ras Superfamily GTPases Binding Antagonist (CID 1067700, Millipore Sigma) and stimulated with poly(dA:dT) for 6 h prior to analysis. TBK1/IKKε inhibition immunofluorescence studies were performed with Compound 1 (Gilead Sciences), MRT67307 (Sigma-Aldrich), and CYT387 (MedChemExpress). Pretreatment or stimulation times were determined through a time course looking at STING perinuclear foci formation with 6 h, 8 h, and 3 h selected for each of the inhibitors respectively. Similarly, treatment times with the inhibitors were the same with the addition of poly(dA:dT).
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4

Compound Screening for Cell Viability Assay

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Cells (2000/well) were seeded in a 96-well plate and treated with inhibitors at the indicated doses for 72 h prior to assessment of cell viability using Cell Titre Glo (Promega), following the manufacturer's recommendations. IC50 data were generated from dose-response curves fitted using a four-parameter regression fit in GraphPad Prism 6 software. Inhibitors used in this study include Gefitinib, Rociletinib, Lapatinib, Neratinib, Sorafenib, Ceritinib, Crizotinib, Pazopanib, Sunitinib, Dasatinib, Ponatinib, AZD4547, Bosutinib, BEZ235, Trametinib, NVP-AUY-922, Imatinib (LC laboratories) AZD9291, PF-562271, Palbociclib, BGJ398, MK2206, AZD5363 (Selleck Chemicals), BX-795, MRT67307 (Sigma-Aldrich), JQ1 (Cayman Chemical Company), DDR1-in-1 (Tocris), CCT244747 (ICR).
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5

Quantifying Cell Death Pathways

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Cell death was induced by exposure to ABT-737 (AbbVie), Dexamethasone (Sigma), WEHI-539 (MedChemExpress), or Etoposide (Hospira). Where indicated, cells were preincubated for 1 hr with MRT-67307 (Sigma) and for 15–30 min with ABT-737, followed by continuous exposure to Q-VD-Oph (SM Biochemicals) or zVAD.fmk (R&D Systems). Cell viability was quantified by CellTiterGlo (Promega) or flow cytometric analysis of cells excluding 5 µg/ml propidium iodide (PI) (Sigma) and, where indicated, cells also negative for AnnexinV-FITC (InvivoGen) binding using a FACSCailbur (BD) or LSRII (BD). Caspase activity was assayed by the addition of caspase3/7Glo (Promega) or by immunoblotting as described in the Extended Experimental Procedures.
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6

Autophagy Inhibition Assay Reagents

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MG132 was purchased from Calbiochem (474790, San Diego, CA, USA). Autophagy-lysosome inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (C6628, St. Louis, MO, USA). Ammonium bicarbonate (1 mol/L, 012-21745), methanol (67-56-1), acetonitrile (012-19851) and formic acid (067-04531) for mass spectrometry were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). BX795 (S1274, InvivoGen, San Diego, CA, USA) and MRT67307 (SML0702, Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
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7

Inhibitors for Cell Signaling Pathways

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The following inhibitors were used at the indicated final concentration in vitro, unless otherwise specified in the figure or figure legends: MRT-67307 (Sigma-Aldrich, 2 µM), BX-795 (Invivogen, 1 µM), TPCA-1 (Tocris Bioscience, 5 µM), PF-3644022 (Tocris Bioscience, 1 µM), 7-oxozeanol (Tocris Bioscience, 1 µM), Nec-1s (Biovision, 10 µM) zVAD-fmk (Abcam, 20 µM), cycloheximide (Sigma-Aldrich).
All antibodies used in this study are listed in supplementary table 7 including information regarding dilutions and validation.
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8

Inhibitors for Cell Signaling Pathways

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The following inhibitors were used at the indicated final concentration in vitro, unless otherwise specified in the figure or figure legends: MRT-67307 (Sigma-Aldrich, 2 µM), BX-795 (Invivogen, 1 µM), TPCA-1 (Tocris Bioscience, 5 µM), PF-3644022 (Tocris Bioscience, 1 µM), 7-oxozeanol (Tocris Bioscience, 1 µM), Nec-1s (Biovision, 10 µM) zVAD-fmk (Abcam, 20 µM), cycloheximide (Sigma-Aldrich).
All antibodies used in this study are listed in supplementary table 7 including information regarding dilutions and validation.
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9

Investigating ISG54 Promoter Activity Regulation

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For evaluation of ISG54 promoter activity, 2×105 WT or IRF3KO RAW-Lucia cells were incubated overnight in 500 μL cell culture media in 24-well plates. Cells were then incubated with fresh culture media containing PolyI:C (10 μg/mL) or IFN-γ (20 ng/mL), or a mixture of both. At 3, 6, 12, and 24 h, 10 μL of supernatant was removed, mixed with 40 μL of QuantiLuc ™ (InVivogen #repl-qlc1), after which luciferase luminescence was measured using a Turner Biosystems Luminometer, model TD-20/20. Alternatively, 1×105 WT or IRF3KO RAW-Cells were incubated in 200 μL cell culture media on 96-well plates and stimulated with agonists for TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, and STING. After 24 h, secreted luciferase was measured. To inhibit TBK1, 2×105 WT or IRF3KO RAW-Lucia cells were incubated overnight in 500 μL culture media in 24-well plates and then incubated with PBS or MRT67307 (2 μM) (Sigma Chem. Co.; SML0702) for 1 h followed by PBS, Poly I:C (25 μg/mL), IFN-γ (50 ng/mL), or both IFN-γ and Poly I:C. After 24 h, luciferase was measured as previously described.
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10

Isolation and Culture of MEFs and BMDMs

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MEFs were isolated from embryos at day 12.5-14.5 and maintained in culture for maximum 6 passages. BMDMs were differentiated from bone-marrow cells by using L929-supernatant (10%) enriched media for 6 days. Cells were grown in DMEM with 10% FBS (Atlanta Biological) and Penicillin/Streptomycin (Sigma). Interferon-γ (BioLegend #575306), Torin1 (EMD Millipore #475991), Brefeldin A (BD Biosciences #555029), MRT67307 (Sigma #CAS1190378-57-4), LY294002 (Cayman #70920), Bafilomycin A1 (Santa Cruz #sc-201550), E64d (Sigma #E8640), Pepstatin A (Sigma #P5318), 3-Methyladenine (3MA) (Sigma #M9281), MitoTEMPO (Sigma #SML0737), Oligomycin A (Sigma #75351), Antimycin A (Sigma #A8674), and Ethidium bromide (Bio-Rad #161-0433) were purchased.
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