Glycerol solution

AFB1 was acquired from Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, Inc. (Vossbrink Drive, WA, USA). The bacterial culture media were Man deRogosa (MRS) broth (Himedia, Bombay, India), MRS agar (Himedia, Bombay, India), and glycerol solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Phosphate-buffered saline was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

DNA strands, including two biotinylated probes and one target strand, were purchased from Integrated Device Technology (San Jose, CA, USA). The glycerol solution (refractive index = 1.4729)35 and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) tablets were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). The SA-GNU were purchased from Cytodiagnostics (Ontario, Canada). The conventional UV-Vis spectrometer used in this study was a Cary 300 Bio (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA, USA), and all solutions were prepared using Milli-Q (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) A-10 grade deionized water.

In this work, fifty indigenous S. cerevisiae strains (non-commercial strains), belonging to UNIBAS Yeast Collection (UBYC), University of Basilicata (Potenza, Italy) and previously isolated from food environments, were studied (Table 1). Furthermore, two commercial strains, EC1118 (Lallemand Inc., Toulose, France), a winemaking starter, and a probiotic S. cerevisiae var. boulardii strain (coded as Sb) and isolated from the commercial product Codex (Zambon, Italy), were used. The strains were maintained at −80 °C in a glycerol solution (Sigma, Milan, Italy); before each experiment, yeast strains were grown in YPD (yeast extract 1%, bacteriological peptone 2%, glucose 2%, agar 2%, Oxoid, Hampshire, UK) at 26 ± 2 °C for 24 h.

Two kinds of injury-induced muscle regeneration model were used as described^{32 (link),40 (link)}. The tibialis anterior (TA) and the gastrocnemius muscles of anesthetized mice (100 mg kg⁻¹, 1% pentobarbital sodium, i.p.) were injected with 30 μl and 60 μl of 10 μM cardiotoxin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) or 50% glycerol solution (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) respectively. At different time points after injury, three to four mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation while under anesthesia and muscles were harvested. TA muscles were mounted in OCT and frozen in isopentane chilled with liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C. Gastrocnemius muscles were frozen in liquid nitrogen for mRNA and protein extraction.

Yakult fermented milk drink was purchased from a local supermarket in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. AFB₁ was acquired from Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, Inc. (Vossbrink Drive, Washington). MRS broth, MRS agar, and sodium chloride were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Glycerol solution was procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). ELISA kit for the detection of AFM₁ in urine was purchased from Helica Biosystems, Inc. (Santa Ana, CA, USA).

Modified poly(ethersulfone) HF UF membranes
were kindly provided by NX Filtration B.V., Enschede, The Netherlands.
The provided membranes have an approximate 90% MWCO of 10 kDa
and an inner diameter of 0.7 mm. Poly(allylamine hydrochloric
acid) (PAH, M_w = 150.000 g mol^–1, 40 wt % in water) was obtained from Nittobo
medical CO., LTD, Japan. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA, M_w = 250.000 g mol^–1, 35 wt
% in water), poly(sodium-4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS, M_w = 200.000 g mol^–1, 30 wt
% in water), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC, M_w = 200.000–350.000 g mol^–1, 20 wt % in water), glycerol solution (86–89%),
MgCl₂ hexahydrate (purity 99%), sodium hydroxide (pellets,
purity 98%), and hydrchloric acid (ACS reagent, 37%) were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich. H₂SO₄ (96% in H₂O) was purchased from Acros Organics B.V.B.A. NaCl (purity 99.9 wt
%) was kindly provided by Nouryon Industrial Chemicals. H₂O₂ (30 w/w% solution in H₂O), Na₂SO₄ decahydrate, ethylene glycol, and polyethylene
glycol (PEG) of various M_w (200, 400,
600, and 1000 Da) were obtained from Merck. Diethylene glycol was
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals were used without any
purification.