N n dimethylformamide dmf

The polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, K90, Mw = 1,300,000) and chloroplatinic acid (H₂PtCl₆·6H₂O) were from Aladdin, Shanghai, China. The bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O), cupric nitrate (Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O), N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), and acetic acid (CH₃COOH) were obtained from J&K Chemical Ltd., B, Beijing, China. All materials were of analytical grade without further purification.

2-(N,N′-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEM, 98%), 4-vinylpyridine (4VP), 2,2’-Azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN), 2-(Dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid, 98%, 1-aminopropane (98%), Bovine serum albumin (BSA, 99%), and lysozyme (Lys, 90%) were purchased from Aladdin (Aladdin Industrial Corporation, China, Shanghai) and the inhibitors were removed by passing the samples through a plug of activated basic aluminum oxide. AIBN was recrystallized twice from ethanol. N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%) SuperDry was provided by J&K Scientific Ltd (China, Beijing). ITO glasses were purchased from Zhuhai Kaiwei Photoelectric Co., Ltd., 100 mm × 100 mm × 1.1 mm, <10 ohm/sq. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Au chips were purchased from Biosensing Instruments. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM/HIGH, GLUCOSE 1X) was purchased from Hyclone, GE Life Science. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific. Cell culture reagents were purchased from Invitrogen (China, Shanghai). Acetone was dried by distillation from anhydrous calcium sulfate (CaSO4). All other chemicals were used as received unless otherwise stated.

The SnO₂ colloidal dispersion in H₂O (tin (IV) oxide, 15 wt%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. The lead iodide (PbI₂) (> 99.99%), FAI (≥ 99.5%), MAI (≥ 99.5%), methylammonium chloride (MACl) (> 99.5%), spiro-OMeTAD (≥ 99.8%), LiTFSI (> 99%), TBP (> 96%) and PEAI (≥ 99.5%) were purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp. (China). The 1,4-DITFB (97%) was obtained from Macklin. The N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.9%) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99%) were obtained from J&K Scientific. The isopropanol (IPA, ≥ 99.7%) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.

Zirconyl chloride octahydrate (ZrOCl₂·8H₂O, 98%), benzoic acid (≥99.5%), and poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL, Mn = 80,000) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals (Shanghai, China). Tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP), 97%) and 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl] ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES, 99%) were obtained from TCI (Shanghai) Industrial Development Co. (Shanghai, China). N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), and 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF, 97%) were bought from J&K Scientific Ltd. (Beijing, China). Chloroform (CHCl₃, AR), and acetone (C₃H₆O, AR), both reagents were provided by China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation (Shanghai, China). A Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was purchased from Yeasen Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, ATCC 29213), Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli, ATCC 25922), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, ATCC 43300) were obtained from Shanghai Jiachu Biological Engineering Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Mouse fibroblast (L929) was obtained from Shanghai Cell Bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). All chemical reagents were purchased and used directly without further purification.

FTO was purchased from OPVtech (China). Tin (IV) oxide (SnO₂) nanoparticles (15% in H₂O, colloidal dispersion) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Lead (II) iodide (PbI₂) (99.99%, trace metals basis), for use in the perovskite precursor, was obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Methylammonium chloride (CH₃NH₃Cl) (MACl) (99.5%, subjected to four rounds of purification), formamidinium chloride (HC(NH₂)₂Cl) (FACl) (99.5%, subjected to four rounds of purification), methylammonium bromide (CH₃NH₃Br) (MABr) (99.5%, subjected to four rounds of purification), and formamidinium iodide (HC(NH₂)₂I) (FAI) (99.5%, subjected to four rounds of purification) were purchased from Xi'an Polymer Light Technology Corp. 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (Spiro‐OMeTAD) (99.86%) was purchased from Advanced Election Technology. N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) (99.8%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (99.9%), chlorobenzene (CB) (99.8%), 4‐tert‐butylpyridine (96%), and lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (99%) were purchased from J & K (China) Co., Ltd. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) (99.9%) was obtained from Energy Chemical. Cobalt (III) FK209 TFSI salt (99.9%) was obtained from Greatcell Solar Materials Pty. Ltd. None of the reagents was purified further prior to their use.

All commercially available chemicals including Hafnium (IV) chloride (HfCl₄, 99.9%, Strem), 1,3,5-Tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (H₃BTB, 97%, Jinan Henghua), Formic acid (HCOOH, 99%, Amethyst), N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.9%, J&K Scientific) were used without further purification unless otherwise indicated. Ultrathin carbon film on lacey carbon support film for high-resolution characterization was purchased from Ted Pella.

Dichloro(chloromethyl)methylsilane (DC(CM)MS) (> 98.0% purity) and photoinitiator diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (TPO) (97.0% purity) were purchased from Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Dichloromethylvinylsilane (DCMVS) (> 97.0% purity), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) (> 97% purity), and sodium hydride (NaH) were purchased from TCI Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Moreover, N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (99.8%, super dry with molecular sieves) and ethyl acetate (EA) were purchased from J.&K. Chemical Ltd. (Beijing, China).