Rivaroxaban

Twenty-four young adult male Wistar Albino type rats of the same age, weighing 350 ± 50 g, were randomly divided into three groups. All animals were housed in an environment with 12-hour light and 12-hour dark cycles, 55% humidity, and 21 ± 2°C; they were fed with standard feed. All rats underwent a full-thickness surgical incision of the Achilles tendon, followed by primary repair (SA). After the procedure of the Achilles tendon, group 1 was determined as the control group and received no medication. Group 2 received 2.03 mg/kg rivaroxaban equal to 0.6 mg rivaroxaban/daily (Xarelto, Bayer HealthCare, Berlin, Germany) via gastric lavage once daily, for 28 days. The adjusted dose of rivaroxaban for rats was calculated according to the study of Nair and Jacob.
18 (link)
19
Group 3 was given subcutaneous 114 IU AXa nadroparin calcium (Fraxiparine, Glaxo SmithKline, Canada) as low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), once daily for 28 days. The adjusted dose of nadroparin calcium for the rats was calculated according to the study of Nair and Jacob.
18 (link)
19
The rats were given free access to food and water as well as free movement within their cages and the guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals in biomedical research were closely followed.
20 (link)

At present, there is no clear scheme for the prevention of PICC-related UEVT, including the length of treatment and drug dosage. Due to the persistent presence of prothrombotic factors in chemotherapy patients with PICCs insertion, anticoagulants were used throughout the whole course of chemotherapy to prevent UEVT. Considering safety and efficacy, the doses of LMWH and rivaroxaban recommended in the guidelines for the prevention of deep venous thrombosis after hip or knee replacement were referenced and adopted.^{[11 (link)]} The LMWH group was treated with Enoxaparin Sodium Injection (Hangzhou Jiuyuan Gene Engineering Co., Ltd, China; 4000 anti-Xa IU per day, subcutaneous injection). The rivaroxaban group received rivaroxaban (Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Germany; 10 mg per day, oral). Control patients were administered no anticoagulant or placebo.

MI was induced by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery at the level of the left atrium in anesthetized mice, as described in detail previously.²³ (link)
At day 1 after MI, echocardiography was performed as described in detail previously,²⁴ (link)
and the mice then were assigned at random to the rivaroxaban (kindly provided from Bayer HealthCare, Germany) or placebo group. All mice were provided with regular chow diet before randomization. After randomization, mice in the rivaroxaban group were provided with regular chow diet including rivaroxaban (2.4 g rivaroxaban/kg chow). The dietary dose of rivaroxaban in mice after MI was 138.5±50.3 mg/kg/day per mouse.
To determine the effect of treatment on cardiac function, echocardiography was repeated at day 7 and 14 after MI. Mice were anesthetized and the hearts were harvested for evaluation of mRNA and protein expression levels in the infarcted and non-infarcted regions by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay and western blot analysis at day 7 after MI. Furthermore, we measured the infarct size and assessed the extent of inflammatory cell infiltration by histopathological analysis at day 7 after MI. The study protocol is shown in
Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Experimental protocol. CAL, coronary artery ligation; %FS, percent fractional shortening; UCG, ultrasound cardiography.