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1

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Detection

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Vero cells were seated on a 12-well plate at a cell density of 2 × 105 cells/well. Cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 at an MOI of 1 and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The cultured cells were subjected to centrifugation at 1,600 × g for 5 min. The supernatant was removed, and the cells were lysed using 1 × SDS sample buffer. The lysed cells were boiled at 95°C for 3 min, sonicated using Bioruptor II (BM Equipment, Tokyo, Japan), and centrifuged at 16,400 × g for 3 min. The samples were loaded onto a 10% TGX FastCast Acrylamide gel (Bio-Rad, CA, USA) and electrophoresed. Then, the proteins were transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Millipore). The membrane was blocked with PBS containing 0.05% tween-20 (PBS-T; Nacalai Tesque) and 5% skimmed milk (Nacalai Tesque) and reacted with rabbit anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 (clone: SA39; Cell Engineering Corporation, Osaka, Japan) or mouse anti-S2 monoclonal antibodies (GeneTex, CA, USA). The membrane was washed with PBS-T twice and reacted with HRP-conjugated anti-mouse or rabbit IgG antibodies (Sigma-Aldrich). Protein bands were visualized using Chemi-Lumi One Ultra (Nacalai Tesque) and Amersham ImageQuant 800 (GE Healthcare, IL, USA).
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2

Western Blot Analysis of FCoV Proteins

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Infected Fcwf-4, A72, MDCK, and DH82 cells were lysed in lysis buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 150 mM NaCl, and 1% Triton X-100) and centrifuged at 16,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C. Supernatants were then collected and mixed with 2× sample buffer (0.1 M Tris-HCl [pH 6.8], 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS], 20% glycerol, 0.004% bromophenol blue, 10% 2-mercaptoethanol). Next, the boiled samples were subjected to electrophoresis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA). The membranes were blocked in 3% skim milk–PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 (PBS-T; Nacalai Tesque). The primary antibodies were mouse anti-FCoV-N monoclonal antibody (4D10) and mouse anti-β-actin antibody (Sigma-Aldrich), while goat anti-mouse IgG horseradish peroxidase (HRP; Sigma-Aldrich) was used as a secondary antibody. ChemiLumi One Ultra (Nacalai Tesque) was used for visualization (32 (link)).
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3

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein ELISA

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His-tagged S1 spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (100 μg) or 100 μg of His-tagged S2 spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 was immobilized on Nunc Maxisorp 96-well immunoplates (Cat# 439454, Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 1 μg/mL for 30 min at 37°C. After washing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.05% Tween 20 (PBS-T; Nacalai Tesque), wells were blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS-T for 30 min at 37°C. The plates were incubated with primary antibodies followed by peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulin (1:1000; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Finally, enzymatic reactions were performed using an ELISA POD substrate TMB kit (Cat# 05298-80, Nacalai Tesque). The absorbance at 655 nm was measured using an iMark microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Berkeley, CA).
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