P cresol

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Australia, China

P-cresol is a chemical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a colorless, crystalline solid with a characteristic phenolic odor. P-cresol has a molecular formula of C7H8O and a molecular weight of 108.14 g/mol. Its core function is as a chemical intermediate and a precursor for various organic synthesis reactions.

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2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (8 citations) P-cresol sulfate (2 citations)

45 protocols using p cresol

Analytical Protocol for Metabolites

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Creatinine, hippuric acid, uric acid, hypoxanthine, xanthine, myoinositol, cis-aconitic acid, indoxyl sulfate and aldosterone were obtained from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). Amino acids including l-methionine, l-lysine, l-phenylalanine, l-homoserine, homocysteine, l-tyrosine, l-glutamine, citrulline, l-arginine, l-cysteine, l-glutamic acid, l-alanine and L-aspartic acid were purchased from Amresco Company. Kynurenine, kynurenic acid, dopamine, 1-methyladenosine, l-xanthosine, xanthurenic acid, indole, p-cresol sulfate, uracil, p-cresol, guanosine, succinic acid, deoxyuridine, guanine, taurine and thymine were purchased from Sigma Company or Aladdin Company. Antibodies against nuclear factor kappa B p65, Nrf2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 12-lipoxygenase (12-LP), etc. were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology or Abcam Company.

Chen D.Q., Cao G., Chen H., Liu D., Su W., Yu X.Y., Vaziri N.D., Liu X.H., Bai X., Zhang L, & Zhao Y.Y. (2017). Gene and protein expressions and metabolomics exhibit activated redox signaling and wnt/β-catenin pathway are associated with metabolite dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease. Redox Biology, 12, 505-521.

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Cytokine and Uremic Toxin Treatment

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We dissolved the powder of urea, p-cresol and cytokines (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) in a complete cell medium (RPMI 1640 with stable L-glutamine (International PBI Italy, Milan, Italy) and 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma)). We obtained a final concentration of 2000 ng/µL for IL-6, 1000 ng/µL for IL-1β, 300 mg/L for urea, and 40 mg/L for p-cresol. Serial dilutions were made with the same medium (IL-6: 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 0 ng/µL; IL-1β: 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.63, 0 ng/µL, urea: 300, 250, 200, 150, 50, 0 mg/L and p-cresol: 40, 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 0 mg/L).

Virzì G.M., Mattiotti M., Clementi A., Milan Manani S., Battaglia G.G., Ronco C, & Zanella M. (2022). In Vitro Induction of Eryptosis by Uremic Toxins and Inflammation Mediators in Healthy Red Blood Cells. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(18), 5329.

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Tyrosinase-Catalyzed Biosensing with Nanomaterials

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Tyrosinase from mushrooms (T3824-25KU), phenol, hexacetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), Polyethylene glycol (PEG), and zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO₂) (size less than 100 nm) were purchased from Sigma. Ascorbic acid (Unilab, Mumbai, India ), uric acid (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), hydrogen peroxide (Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA), glucose (Univar, Downers Grove, IL, USA), magnesium sulfateheptahydrate (Fluka, St. Louis, MO, USA), calcium chloride hydrate (Univar), iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (sigma-Aldrich), p-cresol (Sigma), 4-chlorophenol (Sigma), and o-kresol (Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA ) were analytical grade and dissolved in phosphate buffer upon being used. All chemicals were freshly prepared prior to use. All aqueous solutions were prepared using deionized water.

Ahmad N.M., Abdullah J., Yusof N.A., Ab Rashid A.H., Abd Rahman S, & Hasan M.R. (2016). Amperometric Biosensor Based on Zirconium Oxide/Polyethylene Glycol/Tyrosinase Composite Film for the Detection of Phenolic Compounds. Biosensors, 6(3), 31.

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Peptide Synthesis Reagents and Procedures

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N^α-Boc-L-amino acids and reagents used during chain assembly were of peptide synthesis grade purchased from Novabiochem (Merck Pty., Kilsyth, Vic., Australia) and Bachem (Bubendorf, Switzerland). N^α-Boc-L-amino acid-phenylacetamidomethyl (Pam)-resin was purchased from Peptides International (Louisville, Kentucky, USA). [2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate] (HBTU) was purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland), 2-(1H-7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl uronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU) from GenScript Corporation (Piscataway, NJ, USA), N,N’-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), dichloromethane (DCM) and N,N’-dimethylformamide (DMF) from Auspep (Melbourne, Vic., Australia). Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) was imported from BOC Gases (Sydney, NSW, Australia) and the scavengers, p-cresol and p-thiocresol, as well as all other organic reagents and solvents, unless stated otherwise, were purchased in their highest purity from Sigma-Aldrich (Sydney, NSW, Australia). All solvents for solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) were of peptide synthesis grade and used without further purification. HPLC grade acetonitrile (Lab Scan, Bangkok, Thailand) and water measuring 18.2 MΩ (ELGA, Melbourne, Vic., Australia) were used for the preparation of all solvents for liquid chromatography.

Muttenthaler M., Nevin S.T., Inserra M., Lewis R.J., Adams D.J, & Alewood P. (2019). On-resin strategy to label α-conotoxins: Cy5-RgIA, a potent α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor imaging probe. Australian journal of chemistry, 73(4), 327-333.

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Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis

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2-Butanone (≥99%), 2-furaldehyde (≥99%), 2-methylbutanal (90%), 4-heptanone (97%), carvone (≥98.5%), decanal (95%), decane (≥99%), formaldehyde (37% aqueous solution), hexanal (97%), methylglyoxal (40% aqueous solution), O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA) (≥ 99%), octanal (≥99%) and p-cresol (4-methylphenol) (≥98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Sodium chloride was supplied by VWR (Leuven, Belgium).

Pinto J., Carapito Â., Amaro F., Lima A.R., Carvalho-Maia C., Martins M.C., Jerónimo C., Henrique R., Bastos M.D, & Guedes de Pinho P. (2021). Discovery of Volatile Biomarkers for Bladder Cancer Detection and Staging through Urine Metabolomics. Metabolites, 11(4), 199.

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Synthesis of Lipid-Peptide Conjugates

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Soybean lecithin, DSPE-PEG2000 and DSPE-PEG2000-Maleimide was purchased from Xi’an Ruixi Biological Technology Co., Ltd, oridonin from MCE®, and DCM from Sigma-Aldrich®. TLR2 pep-Cys was chemically synthesized on solid phase. P-methyl-BHA (MBHA) resin was purchased from Applied Biosystems®, Boc protected amino acids were purchased from Peptides Institute®. Other reagents for peptide synthesis and cleavage, including GSH, dichloromethane (DCM), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonitrile, Tris-(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP), triisopropylsilane (TIPS), N, N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), p-cresol and guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich®. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was purchased from Halocarbon®.

Liu Y., Wang X., Feng H., Li X., Yang R., Zhang M., Du Y., Liu R., Luo M., Li Z., Liu B., Wang J., Wang W., An F., Niu F, & He P. (2024). Glutathione-depleting Liposome Adjuvant for Augmenting the Efficacy of a Glutathione Covalent Inhibitor Oridonin for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapy. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 22, 299.

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Detailed Characterization of Uremic Toxins

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Harlan 8640 Teklad 22/5 rodent diets were used for both control and 0.7% adenine supplemented diets (Madison, WI). Indoxyl sulfate was obtained from gold biotechnology (Olivette, MO). P-cresyl glucuronide and equol 7-glucuronide were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada) and β-glucuronidase from Helix pomatia (G-7051), pyrocatechol, p-cresol and 4-ethylphenol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Flurazepam was purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX). Isatin was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA). P-cresyl sulfate, phenyl sulfate and 4-ethyl phenyl sulfate were synthesized as previously described58 (link). AST-120 was a kind gift from the Kureha Corporation (Tokyo, Japan).

Velenosi T.J., Hennop A., Feere D.A., Tieu A., Kucey A.S., Kyriacou P., McCuaig L.E., Nevison S.E., Kerr M.A, & Urquhart B.L. (2016). Untargeted plasma and tissue metabolomics in rats with chronic kidney disease given AST-120. Scientific Reports, 6, 22526.

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HPTLC Analysis of Ferulic Acid Derivatives

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HPTLC was accomplished according to a modified version of the methodology published by Paillat, et al., [51 (link)]. At the beginning volumes of standard solutions of ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (PHB), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (APHB), p-cresol, p-creosol, and vanillic acid (722820, 54590, 54630, 61030, 41340, and 68654, Sigma-Aldrich, Química S.A. de C.V.) were applied at a concentration of 3 mg/mL. After that, were applied 15 μL of AV, AV-TNDF, AP, AP-TNDF and the kinetic fermentation samples (AVF4, AVF8, AVF24 and APF4, APF8, APF24) at a concentration of 12.5 mg/mL. Samples were placed on TLC silica gel 60 F254 plates (E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) using an ATS 4 TLC sampler (CAMAG, Muttenz, Switzerland) at a constant application rate of 120 nL s⁻¹ and developed in a CAMAG automated developing chamber ADC2 (47% moisture) saturated and preconditioned for 5 min to a 50-mm distance with an n-hexane: chloroform:methanol:acetic acid solvent system (5:36:4:0.5 v/v/v/v). Plates were scanned at 254 nm and 366 nm in a CAMAG TLC III scanner (slit size 4 mm × 0.3 mm) at a scanning speed of 10 mm s⁻¹ and a data step resolution of 50 μm.

Tornero-Martínez A., Cruz-Ortiz R., Jaramillo-Flores M.E., Osorio-Díaz P., Ávila-Reyes S.V., Alvarado-Jasso G.M, & Mora-Escobedo R. (2019). In vitro Fermentation of Polysaccharides from Aloe vera and the Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids. Molecules, 24(19), 3605.

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Synthesis and Characterization of p-Cresol

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p-Cresol, as
well as all of the reagents and solvents used in the synthesis and
analysis of other compounds were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and used
directly unless otherwise indicated. The solvents were dried by the
addition of molecular sieves. KBr for solid-state IR samples was dried
at 110 °C over several days before use.

Banyikwa A.T., Goos A., Kiemle D.J., Foulkes M.A, & Braiman M.S. (2017). Experimental and Computational Modeling of H-Bonded Arginine–Tyrosine Groupings in Aprotic Environments. ACS Omega, 2(9), 5641-5659.

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HPLC Analysis of Diverse Organic Solutes

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The test solutes used in this study were obtained from various suppliers. Toluene, propylbenzene, butylbenzene, biphenyl, phenol, benzoic acid, aniline, N,N-dimethylaniline, caffeine, o-cresol, p-cresol, m-cresol, phloroglucinol, bromobenzene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, anisole, naphthoic acid, acetophenone, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,6-dimethylphenol, p-nitrophenol, o-nitrophenol, m-nitrophenol, uracil, naproxen, ibuprofen, nifedipine, and bupropion were acquired from Sigma–Aldrich. Benzaldehyde, naphthalene, and benzyl alcohol were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. All chemicals were used as received without any further purification. Individual samples were prepared in methanol (Thermo Fisher Scientific) as the solvent at a concentration of 10−2 mM; the mixture containing the various components was prepared in methanol at a concentration of 2 mM each. Samples were filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane filter before injection into the chromatograph. HPLC-grade methanol from Thermo Fisher Scientific was used as the mobile phase modifier. Food-grade CO₂ was purchased from PRAXAIR and used as the mobile phase.

Borges-Muñoz A.C, & Colón L.A. (2016). Evaluation of an amide-based stationary phase for supercritical fluid chromatography. Journal of separation science, 39(17), 3469-3476.

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