Benecel e10m

The 18β-glycyrrhetinic (GA) 97%, dexpanthenol, benzalkonium chloride, and porcine gastric mucin (type II) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); Kelcogel^® CG-LA (deacetylated gellan gum, DGG) was kindly provided by Azelis (Istanbul, Türkiye); VANZAN^® NF (xanthan gum) was kindly provided by Vanderbilt Minerals, LLC (Norwalk, CT, USA); Blanose™ (sodium carboxymethylcellulose, Na-CMC) and Benecel™ E10M (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC) were kindly gifted by Ashland (Istanbul, Türkiye), Carbopol^® 974P NF was provided as a gift from Lubrizol (Wickliffe, OH, USA); and methanol ≥ 99.9% for liquid chromatography and ortho-phosphoric acid 85% were supplied by Isolab Chemicals (Istanbul, Turkey). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS), antibiotic-antimycotic solution (100×), ribavirin and minimum essential medium (MEM) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (1×) solution was provided from (Diagnovum, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany); Trypan blue dye was purchased from NutriCulture (Skelmersdale, UK); and the XTT [2,3-Bis- (2-Methoxy-4-Nitro-5-Sulfophenyl)-2H-Tetrazolium-5-Carboxanilide] kit was obtained from Biological Industries Ltd. (Kibbutz Beit Haemek, Israel). All other chemicals and reagents used in the study were of analytical grade.

Commercial tyrothricin extract was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol (EtOH), diethyl ether and acetone were supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Analytical grade water (MQH₂O) was prepared by filtering water from a reverse osmosis plant through a Millipore-Q^® water purification system (Milford, MA, USA). The 96-well black and transparent flat-bottom plates were aquired from Corning (Kennebunk, ME, USA). Benecel A4M (A4M), Benecel E4M (E4M), Benecel E10M (E10M), Benecel K15M (K15M), Klucel E IND (KLUE) and Klucel I IND (KLUI) were donated by Ashland, Covington, Kentucky, USA. Chitosan was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Refer to Table 1 for more information on the formulations.
Candida albicans CAB1653, an environmental isolate from mosquito larvae from the Western Cape, South Africa, was donated from the CAB culture collection of Professor A. Botha in the Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; while Candida glabrata BG19, a clinical isolate, was donated by Dr. B. Bagheri, Tygerberg Medical School, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.