Teicoplanin

Manufactured by Mast Group

Sourced in United Kingdom

Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in microbiology labs for the detection and identification of Gram-positive bacteria. It serves as a selective agent in culture media, inhibiting the growth of susceptible organisms.

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6 protocols using teicoplanin

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterococci

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The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 175 E. faecalis and 67 E. faecium strains were examined by using the disk agar diffusion (DAD) method in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.17 18 Erythromycin (15 µg), Tetracycline (30 µg), Ciprofloxacin (5 µg), Vancomycin (30 µg), Teicoplanin (30 µg), Norfloxacin (10 µg), Nitrofurantoin (300 µg), Quinopristin-Dalfopristin [Synercid (15 µg)] (Mast Co., UK), Chloramphenicol (30 µg), Gentamicin (10 µg), Linezolid (30 µg), and Ampicillin (10 µg) (HiMedia Mumbai Co., India) were used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST).
In addition, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the glycopeptide antibiotics i.e. Vancomycin and Teicoplanin (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, Co., UK) against the E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were determined using the microdilution broth method.17 18
E. faecalis ATCC 29212 (Vancomycin sensitive), E. faecalis ATCC 51299 (vanB positive), E. faecalis E206 (vanA positive) were used as quality control.

Arabestani M.R., Nasaj M, & Mousavi S.M. (2017). Correlation between Infective Factors and Antibiotic Resistance in Enterococci Clinical Isolates in West of Iran. Chonnam Medical Journal, 53(1), 56-63.

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Methicillin Resistance Screening in S. aureus

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The disk diffusion method using cefoxitin (30 μg) disk in Mueller-Hinton agar (Merck, Germany) according to the CLSI was applied for the screening of methicillin resistance isolates. In addition, PCR assay was used for the detection of mecA gene.12
The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of the isolates against penicillin, ceftriaxone, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, linezolid, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Mast Co., UK) based on the CLSI recommendation (CLSI 2019). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for vancomycin, mupirocin, tigecycline, and fusidic acid was determined using the broth microdilution method. Results for fusidic acid and tigecycline were interpreted according to the European Committee for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST) breakpoints (

http://www.eucast.org

). Low-level and high-level mupirocin resistance (LLMUPR, HLMUPR) were defined if MIC values of 8–256 µg/mL and ≥512 µg/mL were obtained. S. aureus strains ATCC 25923, ATCC 43300 and ATCC 29213 were used as reference strains.

Goudarzi M., Tayebi Z., Fazeli M., Miri M, & Nasiri M.J. (2020). Molecular Characterization, Drug Resistance and Virulence Analysis of Constitutive and Inducible Clindamycin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus Strains Recovered from Clinical Samples, Tehran – Iran. Infection and Drug Resistance, 13, 1155-1162.

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Evaluating Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of MRSA

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The antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates was evaluated using the Kirby Bauer method according to the CLSI instructions against amikacin (AMK), clindamycin (CLI), ciprofloxacin (CIP), erythromycin (ERY), gentamicin (GEN), kanamycin (KAN), linezolid (LIN), penicillin (PEN), quinupristin-dalfopristin (SYN), rifampicin (RIF), tobramycin (TOB), tetracycline (TET), teicoplanin (TEC), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) (Mast Co., UK). MRSA strains were identified phenotypically using the Cefoxitin disk diffusion method (30 μg) according to the CLSI guidelines and detection of the mecA gene as previously described [4 (link)].
The microdilution was performed to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) titer for antibiotics vancomycin (VAN), tigecycline (TIG), and fusidic acid (FUS) according to the procedure detailed in our previous report [4 (link)]. Results for fusidic acid and tigecycline were interpreted based on the European Committee for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST) recommendations (http://www.eucast.org). The inducible and constitutive macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin group B (iMLS_B and cMLS_B) resistance phenotypes were identified by erythromycin and clindamycin disks by the CLSI guideline (CLSI 2019). S. aureus ATCC 25923, ATCC 43300, and ATCC 29213 strains were used for antibiotic susceptibility testing quality control.

Zamani S., Mohammadi A., Hajikhani B., Abiri P., Fazeli M., Nasiri M.J., Dadashi M., Goudarzi M, & Haghighi M. (2022). Mupirocin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Iran: A Biofilm Production and Genetic Characteristics. BioMed Research International, 2022, 7408029.

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Comprehensive Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

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The Kirby–Bauer disc-diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar was used to test the susceptibility of the isolates against amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, linezolid, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, quinupristin-dalfopristin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Mast Co., Bootle, UK) based on the CLSI guideline. Susceptibility to vancomycin, mupirocin, tigecycline and fusidic acid was assessed by the broth microdilution method to determine the MIC titre. The European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints was used to determine MIC titres of fusidic acid and tigecycline (EUCAST 2018). The results of other antibiotics were interpreted by using the CLSI 2018 breakpoints. Low-level and high-level mupirocin resistance (LLMUPR, HLMUPR), inducible macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin group B (iMLS_B) and constitutive (cMLS_B) macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin group B were identified based on the CLSI guideline. Susceptibility testing was quality controlled using S. aureus ATCC 25923, ATCC 43300 and ATCC 29213 strains. Powders of antibiotics were all obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO, USA).

Goudarzi M., Razeghi M., Chirani A.S., Fazeli M., Tayebi Z, & Pouriran R. (2020). Characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene: high prevalence of clonal complex 22 strains and the emergence of new spa types t223 and t605 in Iran. New Microbes and New Infections, 36, 100695.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of Isolates

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The disk diffusion test was employed to determine the susceptibility of the isolates to vancomycin (30 µg), teicoplanin (30 µg), gentamicin (120 µg), linezolid (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), ampicillin (10 µg), tetracycline (30 µg) and rifampicin (5 µg) (Mast Group Ltd., Merseyside, UK). The microdilution broth method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin for the isolates that showed resistance phenotype after the disk diffusion method. The results were interpreted according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) [10 ]. Isolates that showed intermediate levels of susceptibility were classified as non-susceptible. Multidrug-resistance (MDR) was defined as resistance to three or more different classes of antibiotics [11 (link)].

Saffari F., Dalfardi M.S., Mansouri S, & Ahmadrajabi R. (2017). Survey for Correlation between Biofilm Formation and Virulence Determinants in a Collection of Pathogenic and Fecal Enterococcus faecalis Isolates. Infection & Chemotherapy, 49(3), 176-183.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility of Enterococcus spp.

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Antibiotic susceptibility testing of 175 E. faecalis strains and 67 E. faecium strains was performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar in according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines (14 ). Antimicrobial agents used in this study were included: vancomycin (30 μg), teicoplanin (30 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), erythromycin (15 μg), norfloxacin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), nitrofurantoin (300 μg), quinopristin-dalfopristin [synercid (15 μg)] (Mast co., UK), chloramphenicol (30 μg), linezolid (30 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), and ampicillin (10 μg) (HiMedia Mumbai Co., India).
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the glycopeptide antibiotics i.e. vancomycin and teicoplanin (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, Co., UK) for E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates was done using microdilution broth method and Cation Adjustment Muller Hinton Broth (CAMHB) medium according to the CLSI guidelines (14 ). The E. faecalis ATCC 29212 (vancomycin sensitive), E. faecalis ATCC 51299 (vanB positive), E. faecalis E206 (vanA positive) were used as quality control strains for performing antimicrobial tests.

NASAJ M., MOUSAVI S.M., HOSSEINI S.M, & ARABESTANI M.R. (2016). Prevalence of Virulence Factors and Vancomycin-resistant Genes among Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium Isolated from Clinical Specimens. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 45(6), 806-813.

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