Dichloroacetic acid dca

TiO₂ (P25) photocatalyst (≈80% anatase and 20% rutile) with a specific surface area of approximately 55 m² g⁻¹ [39 (link),40 (link)] was provided from Evonik Industries, Essen, Germany. Porous mullite tubes (outer diameter 12mm, inner diameter 9 mm, length 100 mm, mean pore size 1.3 μm, porosity 2%) were purchased from NIKKATO Corporation, Osaka, Japan. Silver acetate (CH₃COOAg, purity 97%) was purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Japan. Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS) and dichloroacetic acid (DCA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Buchs, Switzerland) and Acros Organics (ThermoFisher Scientific, Geel, Belgium), respectively.

Selective BRAF inhibitors PLX4032 (Vemurafenib) and GSK2118436 (Dabrafenib) were purchased from Selleckchem. BRAF inhibitors were dissolved in DMSO according to the manufacturer’s instructions and stored at −80 °C. Working aliquots were diluted in 100% ethanol at a concentration of 1 mM for PLX4032 and 100 μM for GSK2118436 and stored at −20 °C. The MEK inhibitor GSK1120212 (Trametinib) was purchased from Selleckchem and was dissolved in DMSO at a concentration of 10 mM and stored at −20 °C. Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and dissolved in distilled water before use. AZD7545 was purchased from Selleckchem and was dissolved in 100% ethanol according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 10 mM working aliquots were stored at −20 °C. Mitoquinone mesylate (MitoQ) was purchased from Medkoo Biosciences, dissolved in DMSO according to the manufacturer’s instructions and stored at −20 °C. The following antibodies were used for western blot detection: anti phospho-PDH E1α (Merck Millipore); anti PDK1 (Enzo Life Sciences); anti phospho-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling); anti ERK1/2 (Santa Cruz); anti cleaved-PARP (Cell Signaling); anti PARP (Cell Signaling); anti α-tubulin (Santa Cruz); anti HIF1α (Abcam); anti phospho- AMPK (Cell Signaling).

(S)-tryptophanol-derived oxazoloisoindolinone (SLMP53-1) was synthesized by using the protocol previously described in [24 (link)]. For all experiments, SLMP53-1 was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) from Sigma-Aldrich (Sintra, Portugal). Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) from Sigma-Aldrich was dissolved in water. Primary antibodies used in Western blot and/or immunohistochemistry were as follows: anti-α-Tubulin (Sigma-Aldrich, T9026), anti-COX4 (F-8; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-376731), anti-E-Cadherin (G-10; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-8426), anti-GAPDH (6C5; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-32233), anti-GLUT1 (Abcam, ab652), anti-HK2 (3D3; Merck Millipore, MABN702), anti-MCT4 (H-90; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-50329), anti-MMP9 (2C3; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-21733), anti-N-Cadherin (13A9; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-59987), anti-PFKFB3 (ThermoScientific, PA5-21931), anti-SCO2 (ProteinTech, 21223-1-AP), total OXPHOS antibody cocktail (Abcam, ab110413), and anti-VEGF1 (ThermoScientific, MA1-16629). Secondary antibodies used in Western blot were as follows: anti-mouse (Abcam, ab6789) and anti-rabbit (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-2004) horseradish peroxidase-conjugated.