Dmem high sugar medium

HUVECs (self-supply by our lab) were seeded in a 96-well plate at 5 × 10³ cells/well and cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) high sugar medium (BioInd, Israel) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, BioInd, Israel) at 37 °C under 5% CO₂ atmosphere for 24 h. Cells were divided into four groups as section 2.15, and cell viability were calculated as section 2.12.

VSMCs (A7r5, ATCC) were seeded in a 96-well plate at 5 × 10³ cells/well and cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) high sugar medium (BioInd, Israel) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, BioInd, Israel) at 37 °C under 5% CO₂ atmosphere for 24 h. PTX was added to each group with a graded series of concentrations (0, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 μM). After 24, 48 and 72 h of co-culture, the medium was changed to the medium containing 10% cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and cultured for 2 h. The optical density (OD) was determined using a microplate reader of VICTOR Nivo 3S (PerkinElmer, UK) at a wavelength of 450 nm. The cell viability (%) was calculated as follows: $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{y}(\%)=\left(\mathrm{O}{D}_{\mathrm{a}}-\mathrm{O}{D}_{\mathrm{b}}\right)/\left(\mathrm{O}{D}_{\mathrm{c}}-\mathrm{O}{D}_{\mathrm{b}}\right)\times 100\%$ where ODa represents the OD value of cells with different concentrations of PTX, ODb represents the OD value of the blank group, and ODc represents the OD value of cells without PTX.