Gsh px colorimetric activity assay kits

DSS (molecular weight: 36,000 to 50,000) was purchased from MP Biomedicals (Santa Ana, USA). Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), sulfasalazine (SASP) (purity: 98%), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, hematoxylin, eosin, and o-dianisidine dihydrochloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum, L-glutamine, penicillin, streptomycin, and minimum essential medium were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). CD4⁺CD62L⁺ T Cell Isolation Kits were purchased from Miltenyi Biotec (Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). The fluorescent antibodies CD4, IFN-γ, IL-17A, FoxP₃, and CD3/CD28 were obtained from eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA) or BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). Antibodies against p-AMPK, AMPK, Nrf-2, p-STAT1, STAT1, p-STAT3, STAT3, and β-actin were supplied from Cell Signaling Technology Inc. (Beverly, MA, USA). Recombinant mouse IL-12, IL-6, and TGF-β proteins and antibodies IL-4 and IFN-γ were purchased from BioLegend (San Diego, CA, USA). IFN-γ, IL-17A/F, TNF-α, and IL-1β ELISA kits were purchased from eBioscience (San Diego, CA). Total superoxide dismutases (T-SOD), CAT, and GSH-Px colorimetric activity assay kits were purchased from Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). An enhanced chemiluminescence kit was supplied by GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp. (Piscataway, NJ, USA).

Fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.25% trypsin, and DMEM/F12 medium were obtained from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), H₂O₂, cocktail of protease inhibitors, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Quick start Bradford 1x dye reagent was from Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc. (Berkeley, California, USA). Anti-cleaved caspase-3, anti-cleaved caspase-9, anti-p-p38, anti-p-ERK, anti-p-JNK, anti-β-actin, U0126, LY2228820, and SP600125 were obtained from Cell Signal Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). The ECL detection kit was acquired from Amersham Pharmacia (Arlington Heights, IL, USA). The annexin V/FITC kit was purchased from eBioscience (Bender MedSystems GmbH, Vienna, Austria). T-SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px colorimetric activity assay kits were purchased from Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). H2DCF-DA was obtained from Beyotime (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China).