Pan caspase inhibitor z vad fmk

Synthetic N-hexanoyl-DL-homoserine lactone (C6-HSL), N-decanoyl-DL-homoserine lactone (C10-HSL), N-(3-hydroxy dodecanoyl)-DL-homoserine lactone (OH-dDHL), tunicamycin, thapsigargin, hydrogen peroxide 30% (wt/vol) (H₂O₂), N-Acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), and staurosporine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antibodies with anti-caspase-3, anti-caspase-8, anti-cytochrome c, anti-PARP, anti-β-actin, anti-caspase-9, anti-VDAC, anti-CHOP, anti- caspase-12, anti-p-eIF2α, anti-IRE1α, and anti-BIP were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-p-IRE1α was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Anti-ATF 6α, anti-COX-2, and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Paso Robles, CA, USA). Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG and goat anti-mouse IgG were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). The pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK), caspase-3 inhibitor (Z-DEVE-FMK), and caspase-9 inhibitor (Z-LEHD-FMK) were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). The paraoxonase 2 (PON2) inhibitor ((1,2,4)trizolo(4,3–a)quinolones; TQ416) was purchased from Maybridge (Cornwall, UK).