Ietd para nitroaniline ietd p na

Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium—high glucose (DMEM-HG) (12800-58), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640, DMEM/Ham’s F-12 (GIBCO-Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)and trypsin-EDTA solution were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA) Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and sulforhodamine B (SRB) was purchased from Sigma Chemical, Inc. (St Louis, MO, USA) The substrate of caspase-9 (LEHD-para-nitroaniline; LEHD-p-NA), caspase-8 (IETD-para-nitroaniline; IETD-p-NA), caspase-3 (DEVD-para-nitroaniline; DEVD-p-NA), and SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate were obtained from Invitrogen (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Primary antibodies against caspase-9 (ab32539), caspase-8 (ab25901), caspase-7 (ab25900), BAX (ab32503), Bcl-xl (ab32370), Bid (ab2388), Noxa (ab13654), actin (ab8227) and peroxidase-labeled secondary antibodies; anti-rabbit IgG (ab97051), anti-mouse IgG (ab97046) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Protease inhibitor was obtained from Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany.

Gambogic acid (purity ≥ 95%) was purchased from Cayman Chemical (2752-65-0) (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Piperine (P49007) (purity ≥9 7%) and gemcitabine (G6423) (purity ≥ 98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ham's F-12 (21700-075), fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and trypsin-EDTA solution were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). 3-(4,5-Dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 3,3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC₆), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma Chemical, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Annexin-V-FLUOS staining kit and protease inhibitor cocktail tablets were obtained from Roche Diagnostics (Rotkreuz, Switzerland). The substrates of caspase-9 (LEHD-para-nitroaniline; LEHD-p-NA), caspase-8 (IETD-para-nitroaniline; IETD-p-NA), and caspase-3 (DEVD-para-nitroaniline; DEVD-p-NA) were obtained from Invitrogen (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA).