Dulbecco s modified eagle medium dmem high glucose

High-glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Invitrogen (Waltham, MA, USA); Trizol was purchased from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA); primer probes, high-capacity reverse transcription kit, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) reagents were from Applied Biosystems by Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA, USA. HDGF siRNA, sc-45878, was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA. Control siRNA (sc-37007, Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA). Primary antibodies used: (a) mouse monoclonal: Anti-β-Actin Antibody (C4): sc-47778 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA); (b) rabbit monoclonal and polyclonal: Anti-HDGF (E3P7K): 42105 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA).

Murine norovirus strain (MNV‐1) used as a human norovirus surrogate was obtained from Herbert W. Virgin IV, Washington University School of Medicine. The murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 (ATCC) was used to grow the MNV‐1. High‐glucose Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) were purchased from Invitrogen and used for growing the cells. Six‐well plates were obtained from Corning Life Sciences and used to culture cells for plaque assay. Escherichia coli K12 (ATCC 29181) and Listeria innocua (ATCC 33090) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection. Tryptic soy broth (TSB) and tryptic soy agar purchased from Difco were used to grow the bacteria. Medium molecular weight chitosan powder (94% purity, 75% deacetylation) was obtained from Huantai Goldenlake Carapace Products Co., Ltd and used to form the films. Glycerol was obtained from Fisher Scientific and used as a plasticizer. Glacial acetic acid was purchased from J.T Baker and used as a solvent. Leucoselect^® contained ≥ 95.0% ≤105.0% proanthocyanidins, as determined by Gel permeation chromatography, and ≥ 3.0% ≤19.0% catechin and epicatechin, as determined by high‐pressure liquid chromatography.

High glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA), Trizol was sourced from Life Technologies, primer probes and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) reagents were from Applied Biosystems by Thermo Fisher Scientific, (Ashveville, NC, USA). Anti-CYP2E1 was from EMD Millipore (Temecula, CA, USA). Other reagents, all analytical-grade quality, were from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).

High glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Trizol was acquired from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA). All RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, and RT-PCR reagents and primers (human and mouse) were obtained from ThermoFisher Scientific (Carlsbad and Foster City, CA). The DNA isolation kit was obtained from Qiagen (Louisville, KY). Human Osteopontin DuoSet and Mouse Osteopontin DuoSet ELISA kits were obtained from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). Interferon α (IFNα) was purchased from Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp (NJ, USA; cat# NDC 0085-0571-02). We used the following antibodies: anti-Hepatitis B core antigen and anti-Hepatitis B surface antigen from INNOVEX Biosciences Inc (Richmond, CA), αSMA from Abcam (Cambridge, MA), anti-pSTAT-1, cleaved caspase 3 and anti-USP18 from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA), and anti-STAT-1 and Anti-β actin from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA).

HCC cell lines SNU-449, SNU-182, Huh7, LM3, Bel-7405, SK-hep1, Hep3B and normal human liver cell line L02 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) or Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China). SNU-449, SK-hep1 and SNU-182 were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco). The other cells were cultured in high-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) (Gibco) containing 10% FBS. Penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) were supplemented to the medium to reduce the chance of microbial contamination. All the cells were maintained in a humidified atmosphere at 37 °C with 5% CO₂/95% air.