Maleic anhydride

Acrylamide (AM), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), maleic anhydride (MAH), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), chloroform (CHCl₃), acetone, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS), ethylene glycol, N, N’-methylenebisAcrylamide (MBAA), ammonium persulfate (APS), N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylenediamine (TMEDA), cadmium chloride (CdCl₂-2.5H₂O), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), tellurium powder (Te) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. Carbamide, zinc citrate dehydrate, sodium citrate dihydrate were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. (Shanghai, China); Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (20 nm) were purchased from Aladdin-reagent (Shanghai, China). Deionized water was used in all of the experiments.

Poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA: 50/50, Mw: 33,000 Da) was purchased from Birmingham Polymers, Inc. (Birmingham, AL, USA). Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, 87–89% hydrolyzed, Mw: 85,000–124,000 Da), Dex, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), maleic anhydride, fluorescein (FI), IR-783, 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride (DMTMM), sodium azide, propargyl amine, copper sulfate, ascorbic acid, and pyridine were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethyl acetate, acetonitrile (ACN), toluene, and ether were used as received from Samchun (Gyeonggi, Korea). Dimethylformamide (DMF) were acquired from Junsei Chemical Co. (Chuo-ku, Tokyo), whereas methyltetrazine-PEG4-amine (TET) and trans-cyclooctene-amine (TCO) were from Click Chemistry Tools (Scottsdale, AZ, USA). Pluronic F-127 was used as received from BASF SE (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany). All other chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification. HA (1.0 MDa) was used as received from Humedix (Gyeonggi, Korea).

Tetrahydrofuran (THF, Labscan) was purified by distillation from sodium benzophenone ketyl under nitrogen prior to use. Maleic anhydride, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate, glutathione (GSH), guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl), bovine β-lactoglobulin, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) enolase, bovine ubiquitin, NMM, tunicamycin and other reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. Human peroxiredoxin 3 was expressed and purified as described previously^{57 (link)}, and maintained in buffer with reducing agent tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine. Peroxiredoxin 3 was freshly desalted to remove reducing agents before use with a PD-10 column (GE Healthcare). Renilla luciferase vector was used from the Qiagen Cignal Heat Shock Response Reporter (luc) Kit. Luciferase activity was measure using Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega), as per the manufacturers protocol. The Httex1 fusion constructs were prepared as described previously^{58 (link)}. All constructs were sequenced for verification.

In this study, ISPLEN^® PB 170 G2M (supplied by Repsol–Chemicals, Madrid, Spain) was used. It is a PP heterophasic copolymer with density of 905 kg/m³ and MFR of 12 g/10 min.
Micro-fillers added to PP were talc, calcium carbonate, and silica; a lamellar phyllosilicate was used as nano-filler. Talc HTP1 grade (mean diameter: 1.9 µm) was supplied by IMI Fabi Spa (Valmalenco, Italy). Calcium carbonate OMYACARB^® 1T-AV grade (mean diameter: 2 µm) was supplied by OMYA (Oftringen, Switzerland). Silica particles (diameter in the range 10–20 µm to 0.5–2 µm) were obtained from the rice husk supplied by S.P. Spa through a process of calcination of the husk itself. The lamellar phyllosilicate Cloisite^® 20 was a bentonite modified with bis(hydrogenated tallow alkyl)dimethyl salt and supplied by BYK (Wesel, Deutschland). To enhance the dispersion of the nano-filler within the matrix, it was added to a compatibilizer, i.e., PP grafted with maleic anhydride (0.6 wt%), supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Deutschland).