Na2moo4 2h2o

Zarouk Culture medium was prepared as described by De Oliveira et al. with the following components, KNO₃, MgSO₄.7H₂O, CaCl₂.2H₂O, K₂HPO₄, Na₂CO₃, NaCl, H₃BO₃, MnCl₄.H₂O, ZnSO₄.7H₂O, Na₂MoO₄.2H₂O, CuSO₄.5H2O, Co(NO₃).6H₂O, and EDTA, FeSO₄.7H₂O, K₂SO₄, and NaHCO₃ (All from Merck Chemicals, Germany) (11 (link)).

All chemicals were of analytical purity and used without purification. Sucrose, fructose, glucose, xylose, were purchased from Fisher Scientific Chemicals (India) and used as received. DMSO-d₆, CDCl₃, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, furfuryl alcohol, levulinic acid, ethyl levulinate are purchased from Sigma-Aldrich chemicals, India with high purity and used as received. Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethanol, methanol, 2-propanol, n-butanol are purchased from, Merck chemical India, K₂HPO₄ from Qualigens, Na₂WO₄·2H₂O from a Central Drug House, and Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O from Merck, India, purchased.

Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O, R-lactic acid, 1,2,4-triazole and Na₂S₂O₄ were purchased from Sigma. All solvents and chemicals were of commercially analytical grade. pH value was determined by PHB-8 digital pH meter. Elemental analyses (for C, H, and N) were performed with an Vario ELIII elemental analyzer. Spectra of vibrational circular dichroism for 1, 2 and {Na₂[Δ-Mo^*O₂(R-lact^*)₂]}₃ ∙ 13H₂O, {Na₂[Λ-Mo^*O₂(S-lact^*)₂]}₃ ∙ 13H₂O were recorded on a BioTools Chiral IR-2X spectrometer, where solid samples were mixed in KBr pellets at a mass ratio of 1:100, respectively. The VCD spectra of extracted FeMo-co and K₅[Λ,Λ,Λ,Λ-Mo^*₄O₁₁(R-Hhomocit^*)₂]Cl∙5H₂O were measured by Bruker VCD/IRRAS module PMA 37 with MCT detector. To minimize the NMF left in the FeMo-co film, the samples were pumped for more than 8 h before the measurement. More physical measurements, preparations of [Λ/Δ-Mo^*₂O₂(μ₂-S)(μ₂-O)(S-Hlact^*)₂(trz)₂(trz)] (2), [Mo₂O₂(μ₂-S)(μ₂-O)(Hglyc)₂(trz)₂(H₂O)] (3), {Na₂[Δ-Mo^*O₂(R-lact^*)₂]}₃ ∙ 13H₂O and K₅[Λ,Λ,Λ,Λ-Mo^*₄O₁₁(R-Hhomocit^*)₂]Cl∙5H₂O (21), gas adsorption and X-ray crystallography can be seen in the Part I of the Supplementary Methods of Supporting Information.

To study the metal and metalloid resistance of strains, we used Tris-Minimal Medium (6.06 g/L Tris-HCl; 4.68 g/L NaCl; 1.49 g/L KCl; 1.07 g/L NH₄Cl; 0.43 g/L Na₂SO₄; 0.2 g/L MgCl₂ 6H₂O; 0.03 g/L Ca₂Cl 2H₂O; 0.23 g/L Na₂HPO₄ 12H₂O; 0.005 g/L Fe(III)NH₄ citrate; 1 µL/L 25% HCl; 70 µg/mL ZnCl₂; 100 µg/mL MnCl₂ 4H₂O; 60 µg/mL H₃BO₃; 200 µg/mL CoCl₂ 6H₂O; 20 µg/mL CuCl₂ 2H₂O; 20 µg/mL NiCl₂ 6H₂O; 40 µg/mL Na₂MoO₄ 2H₂O) [43 (link)] supplemented with 1 g/L of yeast extract and the appropriate metal (Sigma-Aldrich). The concentrations of metals used were 0.62–5.0 mM NiCl₂, 0.62–5.0 mM ZnCl₂, 0.62–5.0 mM K₂TeO₃, 0.62–5.0 mM NaAsO₂, 5–50 mM Na₃AsO₄, 0.1–1.2 mM CuSO₄, 0.62–5.0 mM CdCl₂, 0.62–5.0 mM AgNO₃, 0.62–10.0 mM Pb(NO₃)₂, or 0.05–50.0 mM K₂SeO₃.
To establish the selenite tolerance of Exiguobacterium sp. Helios strain, cells were grown in 10 mL of LB in 50 mL Falcon at 30 °C with orbital shaking at 200 rpm using 0–50 mM Na₂SeO₃. After 48 h of incubation, selenite resistance was monitored and cell growth was determined. In addition, we also tested the ability of Exiguobacterium sp. Helios to reduce selenite to elemental selenium Se (0) monitored by red color formation. Exiguobacterium sp. Helios was grown in LB medium supplemented with 1 mM selenite for 24 h at 30 °C with orbital shaking at 200 rpm, with the appropriate controls.

Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O, Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O, methylene blue (MB), and AgNO₃ were ordered from Sigma-Aldrich. 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) was purchased from Aladdin. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (M_w = 58,000), propanediol, glycol, sodium acetate, absolute ethanol (EtOH), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were offered by Adamas-beta. Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green (SOSG) and Live/Dead Bacterial Viability Kits were ordered from Thermo Fisher. MTT, HUVECs, HaCaTs, DMEM (Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium), and PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) were purchased from Beyotime Biotech. MRSA (ATCC43300) was available from Promega. Before usage, LB liquid medium was autoclaved for 20 min at 120 °C. Milli-Q deionized (DI) water was used during the whole experiment. All used solvents are DI water if not specifically mentioned.