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46 protocols using anti insulin

1

Multicolor Immunofluorescence Staining

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Slides were retrieved and air dried prior to staining. After rinsing in 1x Tris buffered saline (TBS), they were blocked with 1x TBS / 1% bovine serum albumin/10% FBS/0.3 M glycine for 1 hr at room temperature. Slides were then stained with anti-phospho-histone γH2AX (Merck), anti-53bp1 (Bethyl Laboratories) and anti-Insulin (Dako) overnight at +4 °C. Next, the slides were rinsed and incubated with secondary antibodies, anti-rabbit Alexa 488, anti-rabbit Alexa 647, anti-mouse Alexa 488, anti-guinea pig Alexa 547 (Life Technologies) and DAPI for 1 hour at room temperature. Finally, slides were rinsed in 1x TBS before being mounted with Hardset Antifade mounting medium (Vectashield) and a glass coverslip.
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2

Pancreatic Immunohistochemistry of Mouse

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Mouse pancreases were dissected and fixed in 4% formaldehyde at 4 °C for 12 h before embedding in paraffin62 (link). Two-four-micrometer sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and incubated overnight at 4 °C with anti-PDX-1 (Abcam; #47267), anti-Glut2 (Chemicon; #07-1402), anti-Ki67 (Dako; #M7249), anti-phospho-Histone H3 (Ser10; Merck #06-570), and anti-NKX6.1 (DSHB, University of Iowa #F55A1266 (link)) in combination with TSA (Invitrogen #T30955), or for 2 h at room temperature with anti-insulin (Dako; A0546) antibodies (all at a dilution of 1:100, except anti-PDX-1, which was diluted 1:400) followed by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- or Cy3-conjugated secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA). Slides were mounted with Vectashield with 4′6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Vector Labs). β-cell apoptosis was analyzed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) technique according to the manufacturer’s instructions (In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, TMR red; Roche) and double stained for insulin. Fluorescence was analyzed by using a Nikon MEA53200 (Nikon GmbH, Dusseldorf, Germany) microscope, and images were acquired by using NIS-Elements software (Nikon).
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3

Pancreatic Islet Morphometry and Ultrastructure

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Islet area: 10–12 pancreatic sections (5 μm) separated by 200 μm were stained with H&E and area of individual circled islets calculated using Matlab. β- and α-cells were stained using anti-insulin (1:100, Dako) or anti-glucagon (1:50, Sigma). EM: whole islets were fixed and embedded in Epon. Thin sections (60 nm) were viewed by Tecnai 12 transmission electron microscope at 120 kV. Mitochondrial surface area was calculated from 250 single mitochondria (∼30 β-cells).
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4

Immunocytochemical Analysis of Pancreatic Progenitors

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The sample cells were fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde and blocked with 3% BSA and 0.2% triton X-100 in PBS, and then incubated with primary antibody over night at 4 oC and further incubated with secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 488-or 568-conjugated donkey or goat antibodies directed against mouse, goat, rabbit or guinea pig IgG at 1:400 dilutions). The used primary antibodies induce anti-FOXA2 (rabbit IgG, 1:200, GeneTex), anti-SOX17 (mouse IgG, 1:200, R&D Systems), anti-PDX1 (goat IgG, 1:300, R&D Systems) and anti-insulin (guinea-pig IgG, 1:300, Dako). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). Images were captured using the LEICA DMI6000B and the positive cells were counted and analyzed by Fiji imaging software [21 (link)].
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5

Pancreatic CB1 Receptor Regulation

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Animal care and procedures were approved by the National Institute on Aging Animal Care and Use Committee.Mice were housed in groups of four using 12 h dark/light cycles, provided with water and fed ad libitum. Cnr1flox/flox mice were generated as described in the ESM Methods. Cnr1flox/flox mice were mated with MIP-Cre/ERT mice (University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA) and injected daily for 5 days with i.p. tamoxifen to obtain β-CB1R−/− mice (Cnr1flox/flox:MIP-Cre/ERT+), β-CB1R+/+ control littermates (Cnr1flox/flox:MIP-Cre/ERT) and MIP-Cre/ERT mice (Cnr1wt/wt:MIP-Cre/ ERT+). CB1KO mice (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA) were bred as described in the ESM Methods. Male mice (n = 6–7 mice/group) were aged to 25 weeks and body weights and metabolic variables were analysed. Body composition was analysed using NMR. Pancreases were fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry (anti-insulin [1:100; Dako], antiglucagon [1:500; Sigma-Aldrich], anti-BrdU [1:100; Accurate Chemicals]). Islet size was quantified using Pancreas++ [25 (link)]. Hormones were quantified using ELISA. Methanol–chloroform-extracted ECs from plasma were analysed using LC-MS/MS, as described in the ESM Methods.
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6

Pancreatic Alpha and Beta Cell Quantification

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Pancreata were weighed, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution for 48 h, and then embedded in paraffin. Two sections of the pancreas from each animal were stained with an anti-glucagon (REGN745, an anti-glucagon monoclonal antibody generated at Regeneron) or an anti-insulin (Dako) antibody and areas of glucagon and insulin positive cells were measured using Halo digital imaging analysis software (Indica Labs). The per cent of glucagon and insulin positive areas in proportion to the whole pancreas area were calculated. Cell mass was determined by multiplying the alpha cell or beta cell area for each animal against their pancreas weight.
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7

Cellular Localization of ZIP6 and ZIP7

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The cellular localization of ZIP6 and ZIP7 was determined in primary dispersed mouse islet cells and MIN6 β cells using confocal microscopy. Staining was performed as described previously (6 (link)) with primary anti-HA (1:1000, Covance Inc.), anti-FLAG (1:500, Sigma), anti-KDEL (1:200, Pierce, ThermoFisher), anti-Syntaxin-1a (1:200, Sigma), anti-ZIP7 (1:200, Proteintech, Chicago, IL), anti-ZIP6-Y3 (1:20, an antibody generated in-house by Kathryn M. Taylor, Cardiff University, UK (19 (link))), or anti-insulin (1:100, Dako) primary antibody, followed by Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse (1:500, Molecular Probes, Life Technologies), Alexa Fluor 555 donkey anti-rabbit (1:500, Molecular Probes, Life Technologies), or donkey anti-guinea pig (1:500, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) secondary antibodies. Images were acquired on Zeiss confocal microscope at ×40 magnification with an oil lens and analyzed by LSM510 (Zeiss). Colocalization of ZIP6 and ZIP7 with membrane and ER staining was analyzed and determined with Volocity software.
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8

Comprehensive Immunohistochemistry and Western Blot Antibody Panel

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The following antibodies were used in IHC and IF: guinea pig anti-insulin (DAKO, #A0564, 1:1,000), rabbit anti-glucagon (Phoenix, #H-028–05, 1:2,000), rabbit anti Ki67 (Abcam, #ab16667, 1:200), rabbit anti-cleaved caspase 3 (Cell Signaling, #9661, 1:200), rat anti-BrdU (Abcam, #ab6326, 1:200), mouse anti-Nkx6–1 (Hybridoma Bank, #F55A12, 1:100) rabbit anti-Mafa (Bethyl, #IHC-00352, 1:100), rabbit anti-Nkx2–2 (Sigma, #HPA003468, 1:100), rabbit anti-ALDH1A3 (Novus, #NBP2–15339, 1:100) and rabbit anti-gastrin (Millipore, #256A, 1:200). The following antibodies were used for western blot: rabbit anti-cleaved caspase 3 (Cell Signaling, #9661, 1:1,000), rabbit anti-adipsin (Santa Cruz, #sc-50419, 1:1,000), chicken anti-C3a (Abcam, #ab48581, 1:1,000), rabbit anti-Dusp26 (Invitrogen, #PA5–22013, 1:1,000), rabbit anti-actin (Cell Signaling, #8456, 1:1,000) and mouse anti-FLAG (Sigma, #A8592, 1:1,000). Recombinant C3a (R&D) was used at a concentration of 100 nM. NSC-87877 compound was dissolved in PBS and used at 20 μM concentration.
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9

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Grafted Kidney Cells

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Mouse kidneys with cells grafted under the capsules were washed with PBS, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 °C overnight, and transferred to 30% sucrose solution for dehydration. The tissues were embedded in a 2:1 mixture of OCT: 30% sucrose and sectioned using a cryostat microtome. The slides were blocked and permeabilized in PBS solution containing 5% horse serum and 0.3% Triton for 1 h at RT and then incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C followed by 1 h incubation with fluorescence-conjugated secondary antibodies (Alexafluor, ThermoFisher Scientific) at RT. The following primary antibodies were used: anti-PDX1 (1:500, R&D), anti-insulin (1:500, DAKO) and anti-cleaved caspase-3 (1:1000, BD Biosciences), and anti-STEM121 (1:1000, Stem Cells Inc.). Fluorescent images were scored using MetaMorph® image analysis software (Molecular Devices).
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10

Dual Fluorescence Staining of Pancreas Islet Cells

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Pancreas tissue was fixed in buffered 10% formalin, processed to wax blocks and sectioned onto slides (4 μm). Dual fluorescence staining was performed to determine the islet cell type in which β-galactosidase/GPR120 was expressed. Anti-insulin (1:500; Dako, Cambridge, UK), anti-glucagon (1:200; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and anti-somatostatin (1:100; Millipore, Watford, UK) were detected using Alexa Fluor-488 conjugated anti-goat antibody (Abcam) and anti-β-galactosidase (1:1200; Abcam) with Alexa Fluor-568 conjugated anti-rabbit antibody. Citrate buffer (pH 6) was used for antigen retrieval in the case of β-galactosidase and somatostatin. Briefly, tissue sections were fixed, de-waxed and rehydrated prior to antigen retrieval (heating in a microwave at full power for 20 min followed by cooling to room temperature). The sections were blocked before the addition of primary antibodies and washed prior to the addition of secondary antibodies and DAPI nuclear stain (1:500; Thermo Scientific). Slides were mounted in Hardset Vectashield Mounting medium (Vector Laboratories, Peterborough, UK) and analysed on a Nikon Eclipse 90i Fluorescent Microscope.
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