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5 protocols using alexa flour 568 goat anti rabbit igg

1

Visualizing Kinetochore Dynamics in Candida tropicalis

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Cells of C. tropicalis strains expressing GFP tagged kinetochore proteins were grown overnight, harvested, and washed twice with sterile distilled water. Cells were then resuspended into sterile distilled water to obtain the desired density before taking the images with a Delta Vision Microscopy Imaging system. Indirect immunofluorescence was done as described before [45 (link)]. Asynchronously grown C. tropicalis cells were fixed with a 1/10th volume of formaldehyde (37%) for 1 h at room temperature. Antibodies used were diluted as follows: 1:500 for rabbit anti-Cse4 antibodies [45 (link)] and 1:30 for rat anti-tubulin antibodies (Abcam, Cat No. ab6161). The dilutions for secondary antibodies used were Alexa flour 568 goat anti-rabbit IgG (Invitrogen, Cat No. A11011) 1:500 and Alexa fluor 488 goat anti-rat IgG (Invitrogen, Cat No. A11006) 1:500. DAPI (4, 6-Diamino-2-phenylindole) (D9542 Sigma) was used to stain the nuclei of the cells. Cells were examined under 100 (multi) magnifications using a confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM 510 META, Carl Zeiss). The digital images were processed with Adobe Photoshop.
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2

TNKS1BP1 Expression and Knockdown Vectors

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TNKS1BP1 /TAB182 expression vector (PLPC-MYC-TAB182) was kindly provided by Dr. Susan Smith (Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine). PCMV-HA-TNKS1BP1 vector was generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cloning. shRNA-TNKS1BP1-U6/Hygromycin vectors and shRNA-NC-U6/hygromycin vectors were purchased from Genepharma. To obtain the RNA interference resistant TNKS1BP1 expression plasmid (PCMV-HA-shiTNKS1BP1), the region targeted by the TNKS1BP1 shRNA was changed to GGAGAGTTTCTCAAGTCGAGGGAGCGTGGA. Mutagenesis of TNKS1BP1 was done using the Q5 hot start High-fidelity DNA polymerase. DNA-PKcs Inhibitor (Nu7026), PARP inhibitors (3-AB, XAV939), Propidium Iodide (PI) and DAPI were purchased from Sigma. All antibodies were commercial products. Anti-actin, anti-DNA-PKcs, anti-Ku86, anti-PARP-1, anti-TAB182 (TNKS1BP1), anti-Myc (9E10) and anti-HA were purchased from Santa Cruz. Anti-Ku70, anti-pADPr and anti-phospho-DNA-PKcs (Ser2056) were purchased from Abcam. Anti-Phospho-H2AX (Ser139) was purchased from Millipore, AlexaFlour 568-goat anti-rabbit IgG and AlexaFlour 488-goat anti-mouse IgG were purchased from Invitrogen.
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3

Subcellular Localization of CENP-A in Candida

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Subcellular localization of Protein-A tagged CENP-ACse4 with DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) stained nuclear mass was performed in C. tropicalis strain CtKS102 following the method described previously for C. albicans (Sanyal and Carbon, 2002 (link)). Asynchronously grown C. tropicalis cells were fixed with the 1/10th volume of formaldehyde (37%) for 1 hr at room temperature. Antibodies used were diluted as follows: 1:1000 for rabbit anti-Protein A (Sigma, Cat No. P3775). The dilutions for secondary antibodies used were Alexa flour 568 goat anti-rabbit IgG (Invitrogen, Cat No. A11011) 1:1000. Antibody dilutions were prepared in 5% skimmed milk (HiMedia, Cat No. GRM1254) solution in 1x phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 (137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM Na2HPO4, 1.8 mM KH2PO4).
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4

Colocalization of OnSARM1, OnTRIF, and OnMyD88

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For the colocalization studies, THK cells (4 × 104 cells per well) were seeded onto glass coverslips in 24-well culture plates, as mentioned above; this was followed by co-transfection with OnSARM1-3×FLAG and HA-tagged OnTRIF, OnTIRAP (27 (link)) or OnMyD88 (21 (link)) expression plasmids, respectively. The cells were fixed 48 h after transfection; this was followed by permeabilizing with PBS containing 1% (v/v) triton-X100 at room temperature for 5 min and blocking with PBS containing 10% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 30 min at 37°C. Subsequently, the cells were incubated with PBS containing 3% BSA and monoclonal anti-FLAG M2 mouse antibodies (1:200, Sigma-Aldrich) or anti-HA rabbit antibodies (1:200, clone C29F4, Cell Signaling) for 2 h at 37°C. Alexa Flour™ 488 goat anti-mouse IgG (1:1000, Invitrogen) and Alexa Flour™ 568 goat Anti-rabbit IgG (1:1000, Invitrogen) were used in dark to visualize FLAG tagged (green) or HA tagged proteins (red), respectively. The cells were then stained with VECTASHIELD Antifade Mounting Medium containing DAPI to visualize the nucleus (blue). The images were captured using confocal microscopy (Zeiss LSM 880 with Airyscan). The colocalization efficiency was quantified by observing the overlap of the fluorescence intensity peaks along the white line by line scan analysis profiles (ZEISS ZEN 2.6 (blue edition) software).
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5

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Gut GLP-1

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Each portion of the gut, including the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon, was excised, fixed in 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde overnight at 4 C, dehydrated in 100% ethanol, and embedded in paraffin. For immunostaining of GLP-1, sections were incubated with the primary antibody mouse anti GLP-1 (ab26278; 1:200, Abcam, Taiwan), at 4 C for 12e16 h, followed by 1 h incubation with Alexa Flour 568 goat anti-rabbit IgG (A11011; 1:200, Invitrogen, OR, USA) as the secondary antibody. The cell nuclei were counterstained with 4 0 ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The tissue specimens were homogenized and extracted with ethanol/ acid (100% ethanol: sterile water: 12 N HCl 74:25:1 v/v) solution (5 ml/g tissue). Then the homogenates were centrifuged (2000 g for 20 min) and supernatants were collected and diluted 50-fold for GLP-1 measurement. All tissue extracts were assayed in triplicate.
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