Tetraethyl orthosilicate

Gold(III) chloride trihydrate (HAuCl₄·3H₂O, ≥49% Au basis), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, ≥99%), sodium borohydride (NaBH₄, ≥98%), silver nitrate (AgNO₃, ≥99.0%), ascorbic acid (AA, ≥99.0%) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ≥98%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, ≥99.0%) and Methanol (≥99%) was products of Macklin. Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 35–37%) were purchased from Acros Organics. Ethanol (≥99.7%) was purchased from Ghtech. Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) were procured from Gibco, Switzerland. Propidium Iodide (PI) and Calcein-AM were purchased from Becton Dickinson Pharmingen, USA. Deionized water used throughout all experiments was ultra-pure Milli-Q water with an electrical resistivity of 18.25 MΩ·cm (25 °C). Carbon support films (300 eyes) for TEM purchased from Beijing XXBR Technology Co., Ltd.

Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS; reagent grade, 98%) was purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Polyethylene glycol (PEG; average Mn = 4000) was purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Trisodium citrate dihydrate (Na₃Cit; analytically pure, 99%) was purchased from Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O; analytically pure, 99%) was purchased from Beijing Yinuokai Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Melamine (analytically pure, 99%) was purchased from Maya Reagents Co., Ltd. (Jiaxing, China). Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS; reagent grade, 98.85%) was purchased from Aladdin Reagents Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Epoxy resin E-44 and curing agent (methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride, reagent grade, 99%) were purchased from Guangzhou Als New Material Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). Xylene (analytically pure, 99%) was purchased from Jinan Jiaxing Chemical Co., Ltd. (Jinan, China). Deionized water (DI water) was prepared in the laboratory using water-making equipment manufactured by Jinan AiKen Co., Ltd. (Jinan, China). The resistivity of DI water used in all experiments was ≥18 mΩ·cm⁻¹.

All reagents were of analytical or HPLC grade and used without any further purification. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) (Mw = 10 kDa), (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were purchased from Macklin. Co., Ltd. Fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer (FITC), Simvastatin (SIM), hyaluronidase (HAase), N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS), 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), Resazurin, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium hyaluronate (HA) (Mw = 200~400 kDa) was purchased from Bloomage Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Jinan, China). Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) was purchased from Yiyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Bozhou, China). Phosphate buffer tablets were purchased from Amresco Inc. (Cleveland, OH, USA). The mouse ELISA kits to measure the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

The superamphiphobic coating was fabricated by the following steps. First, 15 mL ammonia solution (28–30%, Aladdin) was added to 45 mL ethanol (absolute, Anaqua), which was stirred at an agitation speed of 400 RPM and heated to a temperature of 60°C in a water bath. Then, 2 mL tetraethyl orthosilicate (>99%, Macklin) was added into the solution drop by drop. When the solution became opaque, 0.1 mL 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (>98.0%, TCI) was added to the mixture. After 24 h of reaction, a superamphiphobic solution was obtained, which contained fluorinated silica nanoparticles. A glass substrate was dip-coated with the solution and then incubated at 80 °C for 1 h in a drying oven. The coating and drying processes were repeated two to three times until a uniform superamphiphobic nanoparticle coating was obtained on the glass surface.

X. oryzae (PXO99) was sourced from the Laboratory of Plant Disease Control and Utilization at Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Province, China. Hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and PC were procured from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), acetic acid, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium chloride (NaCl), methanol, and ethyl alcohol were procured from Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).