Bornyl acetate (99%), camphene (95%), camphor (96%), carvarol (98%), (−)-carveol (95%), (+)-carvone (96%), β-caryophyllene (98.5%), caryophyllene oxide (95%), β-citronellal (95%), citral (95%), 1,8-cineole (99%), p-cymene (99%), decyl chloroformate (97%), dodecanoic acid (98%), β-farnesene (90%), geranyl acetate (97%), geraniol (98%), isopulegol (98%), linalool (97%), limonene (97%), limonene oxide (97%), methyl linolenate (99%), myrcene (90%), myristic acid (99%), palmitic acid (99%), α-phellandrene (85%), α-pinene (98%), pivalic acid (99%), sabinene (75%), α-terpineol (90%), γ-terpinene (97%), 4-terpineol (95%), terpinolene (90%), and tymol (99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Achillea millefolium L. flowers, Citrus aurantium L. fruits, Leptospermum petersonii F. M. Bailey leaves, Ruta graveolens L. leaves, and Thymus vulgaris L. leaves were collected from a local store in Chonju, Korea. Sample specimens were authenticated by Jeongmoon Kim at Chonbuk National University, Korea. Essential oils of the five plants were obtained by steam distillation extraction, and finally dried over Na2SO4 to extract the pure essential oils (Table 1 ).
4 terpineol
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
4-terpineol is a naturally-occurring organic compound. It is a type of alcohol that can be derived from various plant sources. 4-terpineol is a colorless, viscous liquid with a characteristic floral, woody aroma. It is commonly used as a fragrance and flavor ingredient in various industries.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
α terpineol, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Linalool, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
1 8 cineole, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Limonene, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
α pinene, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Citral, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Geraniol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Camphor, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Myrcene, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Caryophyllene oxide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sabinene, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
β caryophyllene, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Camphene, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetylthiocholine iodide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Nonane, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cyclohexane, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetylcholinesterase, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Butyrylthiocholine iodide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Galanthamine hydrobromide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Linalyl acetate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
7 protocols using 4 terpineol
1
Extraction and Characterization of Essential Oils
2
Terpenoid Compound Quantification
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UHPLC-grade acetonitrile, formic acid, and water were purchased from Romil-Deltek (Italy). Borneol, camphor, 1,8-cineole, linalool, α-terpineol, 4-terpineol, α- and β-thujone, and verbenone, used as reference standards for UHPLC-MS analyses, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milano, Italy).
3
Extraction and Quantification of Volatile Compounds
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Acetonitrile, formic acid, and methanol were purchased from Fisher Company (Fairlawn, NJ, USA). D-(+)-dextronic acid δ-lactone was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The Cleanert® PEP-SPE resin (150 mg/6 mL) was obtained from Bonna-Agela (Wilmington, DE, USA).
The standards (purities > 95%) used for identification and quantification of the volatile compounds 1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, 1-nonanol, furfural, hexanoic acid, limonene, D-limonene, myrcene, linalol, α-terpineol, 4-terpineol, β-citronellol, citral, geranylacetone, geraniol, nerol, cis-furan oxidin, spirulina, (Z)-orange sterol, (E)-β-damascenone, (E)-β-ionone, and 4-methyl-2-pentanol were all supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The deionized water (<18 WΩ resistance) was obtained through a Milli-Q Element water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). All the other chemicals or reactives without especial mention were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China).
The standards (purities > 95%) used for identification and quantification of the volatile compounds 1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, 1-nonanol, furfural, hexanoic acid, limonene, D-limonene, myrcene, linalol, α-terpineol, 4-terpineol, β-citronellol, citral, geranylacetone, geraniol, nerol, cis-furan oxidin, spirulina, (Z)-orange sterol, (E)-β-damascenone, (E)-β-ionone, and 4-methyl-2-pentanol were all supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The deionized water (<18 WΩ resistance) was obtained through a Milli-Q Element water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). All the other chemicals or reactives without especial mention were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China).
4
Cholinesterase Inhibition by Cardamom Essential Oil
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Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from Electrophorus electricus and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) from equine serum, acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI), butyrylthiocholine iodide (BTCI), 5,5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), galanthamine hydrobromide, and all the buffer components (TWEEN20, bovine serum albumin, Trizma base, Trizma HCl, MgCl2·6H2O), cyclohexane, nonane, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate, 4-terpineol, and α-terpineol were purchased from Merck Life Science S.r.l. (Milan, Italy).
Six batches of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton EO were obtained via steam distillation from botanically identified plant material (dried fruits, geographical origin Guatemala) and supplied by Erboristeria Magentina (Poirino, Torino, Italy). The hydrodistilled EO was obtained by submitting 100 g of dried fruits (same geographical origin) purchased from a local herbal shop to hydrodistillation for 4 h in Clevenger apparatus (a pic of the plant used to obtain the hydrodistilled EO is reported in theSupplementary Material Figure S2 ). The EO was collected and stored in the dark at +4 °C until use.
Six batches of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton EO were obtained via steam distillation from botanically identified plant material (dried fruits, geographical origin Guatemala) and supplied by Erboristeria Magentina (Poirino, Torino, Italy). The hydrodistilled EO was obtained by submitting 100 g of dried fruits (same geographical origin) purchased from a local herbal shop to hydrodistillation for 4 h in Clevenger apparatus (a pic of the plant used to obtain the hydrodistilled EO is reported in the
5
Antitrichomonal Activity of Essential Oil Compounds
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After analyzing the composition of the EOs by GC-MS, products that fulfill the following criteria were selected to study their antitrichomonal activity in vitro: three more abundant in each of the selected active EO, abundance higher than 5%, and availability. Some of the major compounds that were excluded were not identified, not commercially available or not easy to obtain or isolate. Pure compounds (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) were obtained from commercial sources, except camphor that was previously isolated in our laboratory (ICA, CSIC). Linalool, thymol, α-pinene, α-terpineol, β-pinene, camphene, β- caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Madrid, Spain); linalyl acetate, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene from Acros Organics (Madrid, Spain); 4-terpineol from Merck Life Sciences (Madrid, Spain); α and β thujone from Phytolab: borneol, 1,8-cineole, carvacrol and D-fenchone from Fluka (Madrid, Spain).
6
Cholinesterase Inhibition by Cardamom Essential Oil
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Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from Electrophorus electricus and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) from equine serum, acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI), butyrylthiocholine iodide (BTCI), 5,5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), galanthamine hydrobromide, and all the buffer components (TWEEN20, bovine serum albumin, Trizma base, Trizma HCl, MgCl2·6H2O), cyclohexane, nonane, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate, 4-terpineol, and α-terpineol were purchased from Merck Life Science S.r.l. (Milan, Italy).
Six batches of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton EO were obtained via steam distillation from botanically identified plant material (dried fruits, geographical origin Guatemala) and supplied by Erboristeria Magentina (Poirino, Torino, Italy). The hydrodistilled EO was obtained by submitting 100 g of dried fruits (same geographical origin) purchased from a local herbal shop to hydrodistillation for 4 h in Clevenger apparatus (a pic of the plant used to obtain the hydrodistilled EO is reported in theSupplementary Material Figure S2 ). The EO was collected and stored in the dark at +4 °C until use.
Six batches of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton EO were obtained via steam distillation from botanically identified plant material (dried fruits, geographical origin Guatemala) and supplied by Erboristeria Magentina (Poirino, Torino, Italy). The hydrodistilled EO was obtained by submitting 100 g of dried fruits (same geographical origin) purchased from a local herbal shop to hydrodistillation for 4 h in Clevenger apparatus (a pic of the plant used to obtain the hydrodistilled EO is reported in the
7
Comprehensive Essential Oil Evaluation
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Sixty-one EOs from different botanically authenticated species were supplied by Witt Italia SpA. Mentha x piperita EO (leaves) was obtained from fresh leaves (provided by Dr. Franco Chialva, Chialvamenta), and submitted to steam distillation. Table 1 reports the list of the EOs investigated, including botanical and common name, botanical family, and the part of the plant from which the EO was obtained. At least three different batches were considered for each EO. Pure standard samples of 4-terpineol, α-terpineol, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene, sabinene and limonene (purity > 98%) were purchased from Merck. The solvents were all HPLC-grade and obtained from Carlo Erba. Phosphate saline buffer, α-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae, maltose, acarbose, potato starch, and 3,5-dinitrosalicilic acid were also obtained from Merck.
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