S 3400 sem

Manufactured by Hitachi

Sourced in Japan

The S-3400 SEM is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) manufactured by Hitachi. It is a versatile instrument that provides high-resolution imaging and analysis of a wide range of materials and samples. The S-3400 SEM utilizes a thermionic electron source and can operate in both high and low vacuum modes, allowing it to accommodate a variety of sample types.

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Lab products found in correlation

Hmds solution, by Merck Group (1 mentions) K850 critical point dryer, by Quorum Technologies (1 mentions) E102 ion sputter, by Hitachi (1 mentions) Em cpd030, by Leica (1 mentions) Smile view software, by JEOL (1 mentions) Jem 1400 electron microscope, by JEOL (1 mentions) Crossbeam 550, by Zeiss (1 mentions) Ls 55 luminescence spectrometer, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions) Avance 600, by Bruker (1 mentions) Spectrum one ftir, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions) Image pro plus 6, by Media Cybernetics (1 mentions) Contour gt k, by Bruker (1 mentions)

Spelling variants of this product

S-3400 (178 citations) S-3400 N SEM system (2 citations) FE-SEM S-3400 (2 citations)

13 protocols using s 3400 sem

Electron Microscopy Imaging of Bacterial Cells

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Samples were dehydrated in a series of ethanol and hexamethyldsilazane (HMDS) solution (Sigma, Australia) as follows: 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 100% ethanol, 2:1 ethanol/HMDS, 1:1 ethanol/HMDS, and 100% HMDS for 10 min each [22 (link)]. Subsequently, dehydrated samples were mounted on stubs with self-adhesive pads and coated with evaporated carbon layer (JEE-420 Evaporative Carbon Coater, USA). Images of secondary electrons (SE), backscattered electrons (BSE) were generated with a HITACHI S-3400 SEM (Hitachi, Japan) using the respective detectors. X-ray elemental analysis was conducted by using XFlash 6 detector (Bruker, UK) integrated with HITACHI S-3400 SEM. EM was performed under high-vacuum mode, the working distance of detectors from the specimen was set to 10 mm and the accelerating voltage was applied at 15 kV for both SE and BSE images and 20 kV for EDS images.
Cell counting was performed manually in ImageJ by using the cell counter function and only enumerating cells that were either clearly rod-shaped or round. Ten images at 6000x magnification were randomly selected for each sample and the detection rate was calculated as the proportion of cells with signal under the BSE mode compared to the total cells (i.e. SE mode).

Ye J., Nielsen S., Joseph S, & Thomas T. (2015). High-Resolution and Specific Detection of Bacteria on Complex Surfaces Using Nanoparticle Probes and Electron Microscopy. PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0126404.

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Exosome Visualization Using SEM

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Exosomes examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were loaded onto a carbon-coated electron microscope grid as mentioned previously.^{14 (link)} The samples were fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde and 2% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 mol/L sodium cacodylate buffer at pH 7.3 for 3 hours at room temperature. The sample was dried at the critical point, mounted on the sample stub, spray-coated, and observed with a Hitachi S3400 SEM.

Zhang Y., Liu J., Zhou L., Hao S., Ding Z., Xiao L, & Zhou M. (2020). Exosomal Small RNA Sequencing Uncovers Dose-Specific MiRNA Markers for Ionizing Radiation Exposure. Dose-Response, 18(2), 1559325820926735.

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Leaf Micromorphology Analysis Protocol

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Images of mature leaves were taken with a Nikon SM225 Stereo microscope (Japan). To show the micromorphological traits, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used. The mature leaves were fixed in Formaldehyde-acetic acid-ethanol (FAA) (methanol: acetic acid: ethanol: water = 10:5:50:35), cut into small pieces, and washed in 70% alcohol. Then, they were dehydrated in an increasing alcohol series and iso-amyl acetate series. Afterward, the material was critical-point dried using liquid CO₂ with a K850 critical-point dryer (Quorum). The leaf pieces were then mounted on aluminum stubs and sputter-coated with gold using a JS-1600 sputter coater (HTCY). Photos were taken with a Hitachi S-3400 SEM (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan).

Su N., Liu B.B., Wang J.R., Tong R.C., Ren C., Chang Z.Y., Zhao L., Potter D, & Wen J. (2021). On the Species Delimitation of the Maddenia Group of Prunus (Rosaceae): Evidence From Plastome and Nuclear Sequences and Morphology. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 743643.

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SEM Characterization of Skin Biomimics

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SEM measurements were performed using a Hitachi S3400 SEM with a tungsten hairpin source with a lateral resolution of 5–10 nm. The skin biomimics were cut into 1 × 1 cm² and 3 × 4 cm² pieces and fixed on the SEM stage using a conductive double-sided tape with no sputtering. The SEM was set at 10.0 kV in a variable pressure mode at 70 Pa.

Gkotsis G., Rickard J.J., Brooker A., Bakalis S., Grover L.M, & Goldberg Oppenheimer P. (2018). Fabrication of optimized skin biomimics for improved interfacial retention of cosmetic emulsions. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 15(143), 20180332.

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Scanning Electron Microscopy of C. avium in Chickens

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To further observe and confirm C. avium colonization in chickens, tissue samples from the BF were selected for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation according to the results of histological observation. Samples were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde for one week at 4 °C, and then washed with 0.1 mol/l phosphoric acid buffer (pH = 7.4) three times for 10 min each. The dehydration procedure followed conventional methods in a graded ethanol series of 30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 100%, and two more changes of 100%, each for 5 min followed by 50% isoamyl acetate solution (v/v, isoamyl acetate: ethanol = 1:1) and 100% isoamyl acetate solution for 10 min, respectively. After specimens were critically point-dried using CO₂ and coated with gold, observations were made using an S-3400 SEM (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan).

Cui Z., Song D., Qi M., Zhang S., Wang R., Jian F., Ning C, & Zhang L. (2018). Revisiting the infectivity and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium avium provides new information on parasitic sites within the host. Parasites & Vectors, 11, 514.

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Preparation of C. difficile for SEM

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C. difficile cells were cultured in BHI medium to OD₆₀₀ = 0.6 (prelogarithmic growth phase), and 5 mL cells were collected by centrifugation at 13,500 × g for 5 min. Bacteria cells were resuspended in 2.5% glutaraldehyde (dissolved in PBS buffer) and fixed overnight at 4°C. Then, cells are washed with PBS buffer (centrifuged at 9,500 × g for 5 min). Afterward, cells were washed three times with PBS buffer and then dehydrated in ethanol solutions of 50%, 70%, 90%, and 100% (vol/vol) for 5 min of each time. After serial dehydration, the cells were soaked in 50% ethanol 50% tert-butanol for 10 min, and then the soaking solution was changed to 100% tert-butanol. After 15 min, the samples were placed in a −20°C refrigerator to allow the tert-butanol to solidify. The solidified samples were dried in a vacuum-freeze dryer. The cells’ powder was carefully picked with a toothpick and sprayed with gold for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the cells were observed with a HITACHI S-3400 SEM (37 (link)).

Zhou Q., Rao F., Chen Z., Cheng Y., Zhang Q., Zhang J., Guan Z., He Y., Yu W., Cui G., Qi X, & Hong W. (2022). The cwp66 Gene Affects Cell Adhesion, Stress Tolerance, and Antibiotic Resistance in Clostridioides difficile. Microbiology Spectrum, 10(2), e02704-21.

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Ultrastructural Analysis of Fungal Hyphae

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For transmission electron microscopy analysis, hyphae were cultured on PDA medium for 18 hr and prefixed with 2% (w/v) glutaraldehyde containing 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7) at 4 °C for 10 hr, followed by staining with 1% osmium tetroxide in phosphate buffer at room temperature for an additional hour. After dehydration, tissues were embedded in epoxy resin. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and visualised under a JEM 1400 electron microscope (JEOL, Japan). The cell wall thickness was measured using SMile View software (JEOL, Japan).
For SEM analysis, hyphae were cultured on PDA medium at 37 °C for 48 hr, and agar blocks containing fungal cells were fixed as described for the transmission electron microscopy analysis. The blocks were then dehydrated by passage through a graded series of ethanol solutions, replaced with isoamyl acetate, and dried using the critical‐point method (EM CPD030; Leica, Germany). After sputter coating with platinum‐palladium (using an E102 Ion sputter; Hitachi, Japan), samples were visualised using an S‐3400 SEM (Hitachi, Japan). The proportion of spike area to the total surface area of each conidium was measured using Image J. For field emission‐scanning electron microscopy analysis, dehydrated samples were visualised on poly‐L‐lysine coated silicon wafers under CrossBeam 550 (Zeiss).

Takahashi‐Nakaguchi A., Sakai K., Takahashi H., Hagiwara D., Toyotome T., Chibana H., Watanabe A., Yaguchi T., Yamaguchi M., Kamei K, & Gonoi T. (2017). Aspergillus fumigatus adhesion factors in dormant conidia revealed through comparative phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses. Cellular Microbiology, 20(3), e12802.

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Comprehensive Characterization of Synthesized Compounds

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All chemicals were commercially purchased as analytical grade from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China) without further puri cation. All solvents were bought from local reagent stores without further puri cation. HeLa cells and transferrin were obtained from Gaining Biological Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Water used in spectral experiments was distilled twice. Melting points were recorded on an X4 melting apparatus without correction. IR spectra were measured as KBr disks with a Perkin Elmer Spectrum one FT-IR. 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 600 and 150 MHz spectrometer with tetramethyl silane as internal standard. UV absorption and uorescence spectra were performed on a TU-1901 and a Perkin Elmer LS55 Luminescence Spectrometer, respectively. MS spectra were collected using a Xevo G2-XS QTof. Elemental analysis was implemented with a 4100 elemental analyzer. Images of scan electron microscope (SEM) were obtained on an S-3400 SEM (HITACHI, Japan).

Li Z., Zhao B., Kan W., Bu F., Qi X., Wang L., Song B, & Ding L. (2023). An Acid-triggered Reactive and Enhanced Fluorescent Probe for Selective Detection of Al³⁺/H⁺ and its Application in Real Water Samples and Living Cells. Journal of fluorescence, 33(1).

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Microstructural Analysis of Fermented Soybean Gels

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A S3400 SEM (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) was used to observe the microstructure of fermented soybean gels that were cut, fixed, dehydrated, and sprayed before observation.

Yang X., Feng J., Zhu Q., Hong R, & Li L. (2021). A Relation between Exopolysaccharide from Lactic Acid Bacteria and Properties of Fermentation Induced Soybean Protein Gels. Polymers, 14(1), 90.

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SEM Analysis of Pollen Morphology

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Morphological observations were conducted using SEM. Pollen for SEM was taken from flower buds just prior to the opening of the anthers. In order to collect pollen, isolated anthers were placed on Petri dishes and kept at room temperature for 24 h, allowing drying of the pollen. Dry pollen grains were then mounted onto the surface of polished aluminum stubs using double-sided adhesive tape. Each stub was sputter coated with a gold layer and taped to the object stage. Observation and image acquisition were made using a Hitachi S-3400 SEM following Avetissian (1950) . All microscopy procedures were performed at the Biotechnology Centre, Beijing Forestry University. Biometric measurements were made using Image-Pro plus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics, USA). For each sample, measurements were made on 30 mature pollen grains, which were correctly formed and chosen randomly. Parameters determined included the polar axis (P), equatorial diameter (E), P/E ratio, lumina, and muri width. These five parameters, as well as exine ornamentation, were selected for Q-cluster analysis.

Wang J.M., Ma S.L., Li W.Q., Wang Q., Cao H.Y., Gu J.H, & Lu Y.M. (2016). Genetic variability and diversity of the main resources of lily assessed via phenotypic characters, pollen morphology, and ISSR markers. Genetics and molecular research : GMR, 15(2).

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