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5 protocols using asap 2000

1

Comprehensive Materials Characterization Protocol

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The PXRD analysis was carried out on a Bruker D8 Advance instrument using Cu Kα (λ = 1.5406 Å) radiation at 2θ: 5° to 35°. Specific surface area, pore volume and pore size were measured by N2 adsorption–desorption at 77.360 K using a Micrometrics ASAP 2000 instrument. Before each measurement, samples were activated via supercritical CO2 drying or outgassing at room temperature for 3 h under vacuum conditions. Infrared spectra were collected in the range 400–4000 cm−1 on a JASCO 6300D instrument.
Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were performed on a PerkinElmer STA 6000 thermal analyzer. For this purpose, ca. 20 mg of sample was placed into an alumina crucible and heated in a continuous-flow of N2 with a heating ramp rate of 20 °C min−1 from 30 °C to 900 °C. The scanning electron micrographs were taken on a Hitachi S-4700 FE-SEM. The UV-vis spectra were recorded on a JASCO V-570 spectrophotometer.
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2

Characterization of Adsorbent Materials

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Bulk density of the adsorbents was obtained by weighting portions of sample and assessing its volume: by measuring geometrically regular pieces on the three axes, or by liquid displacement in the case of some xerogels, due to randomness of particle shapes. Adsorbent porosity was calculated using the bulk and skeletal densities, the latter obtained with powdered samples by He pycnometry (Accupyc 1330, Micrometrics, Norcross, GA, USA) [53 (link)]. Nitrogen adsorption (ASAP 2000, Micrometrics) was used to obtain the Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) specific surface area. Pore volume and average pore size were calculated in accordance to a previous work [53 (link)]. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the samples’ microstructure (Merlin Compact/VPCompact FESEM, Zeiss, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany)
Infrared spectra (FT/IR 4200, Jasco, Easton, USA) were obtained with KBr pellets of each sample, with a wavenumber range of 4000 to 400 cm−1, 128 scans and a resolution of 4 cm−1. C, H and N content of powdered samples was determined by elemental analysis (EA 1108 CHNS-O, Fisons, Ipswich, United Kingdom). Heavy metal concentration in solution was determined by Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy with an acetylene-air flame (939 AAS, Unicam, Cambridge, UK).
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3

Adsorption of Cadmium Ions Characterization

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Total Cd2+ concentration was measured with a flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) (Varian, AA28OFS) at 228.8 nm. The accuracy of the Cd2+ analysis was validated with the reference material (CRM 142 R). The limit of Cd2+ detection (LOD) was 0.07 mg/L, while the limit of Cd2+ quantification (LOQ) was 0.21 mg/L. The functional groups on the surface of ALP-AGS and ALG, before and after Cd2+ sorption, were analyzed in the range of 3800–400/cm using an FTIR spectroscope (Nicolet 6700, Thermo Scientific) equipped with a Smart Multi-Bounce HATR™. The surface morphology of adsorbents was examined with an LEO 1430VP scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Carl Zeiss). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of elemental surface composition (SEM–EDX) was performed with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX, Quantax 200; detector: XFlash 4010, Bruker AXS, Berlin, Germany). Elemental mapping was performed on different micro-areas on the surface of ALP-AGS and ALG and the content of each element (in mass %) was averaged.
The Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) specific surface area of adsorbents was determined by fitting the BET equation to the linear portion of the BET plot; the pore size distribution was calculated on the basis of the desorption plot of the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm using the Barret-Joyner-Halenda method (Micrometrics ASAP 2000, USA).
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4

Surface Characterization of Porous Materials

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The total surface area, the size and volume of pores were performed to assess the surface characteristics. They were determined by nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K at different partial pressures, using a surface area and pore size analyzer (ASAP-2000 Micrometrics), and according to the Brunauer Emmett and Teller (BET) equation [23 ]. The size and volume of pores were obtained by Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method using the desorption branch. The Horvath-Kawazoe (HK) and the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods were adopted to define the micropore and mesoporous volumes, respectively. The average pore diameter was calculated from the BET surface area (SBET) and total pore volume (VT). This analysis was done at Industrial Engineering Department at Padova University-Italy.
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5

Comprehensive Characterization of Photocatalysts

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The microstructural analysis of the surfaces was performed by TESCAN VEGA3 SBH - Easy Probe Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with a tungsten-heated cathode. The SEM images were acquired with a working tension of 5 kV, using the secondary electron detector. The optical properties of the photocatalysts were characterised by an ultraviolet/visible diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer (Evolution 220; Thermo Scientific), in which BaSO4 was employed as the internal reflectance standard. The band gaps for all photocatalysts were determined using the Tauc plot method. The surface areas of catalysts Brunauer–Emmett–Teller were determined using nitrogen (− 196 °C) with an accelerated surface area and porosimetry analyser (ASAP 2000, Micrometrics). The crystal structure of photocatalysts was determined from XRD pattern measured in the range of 2θ = 20–80° using an X-ray diffractometer (X’Pert PRO-MPD, Philips) with Cu target (λ = 1.542 Å). The lattice parameters were estimated by the Le Bail method using FullProf package.
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