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6 protocols using vulcan xc 72r carbon black

1

Synthesis and Characterization of Electrocatalysts

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Platinum acetylacetonate (Pt(acac)2, 97%), nickel acetylacetonate (Ni(acac)2, 95%), tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO)6, 99.9%), ascorbic acid (C6H8O6, 99%), benzoic acid (C7H6O2, 99.5%), N, N-Dimethylformamide (C3H7NO, 99.5%) and anhydrous ethanol (ETOH, 99.5%), were purchased from Aladdin. Vulcan XC-72R carbon black was received from Cabot Corporation. Acetone (C3H6O, 99.8%) was purchased from Beijing Tongguang Fine Chemicals Company, concentrated perchloric acid (HClO4, 70%) from Sigma-Aldrich, and commercial Pt/C (20 wt% Pt) from Johnson Matthey. Hydrogen (H2, 99.999%) is produced by a hydrogen generator. Pressurized air is prepared by compressing and filtering the ambient air. Carbon monoxide (CO, 99.999%), Oxygen (O2, 99.999%) and Nitrogen (N2, 99.999%) gases were obtained from Beijing Huatong Jingke Gas Chemicals Company. All chemicals were used as received without further purification.
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2

Synthesis and Characterization of Anode and Cathode Catalysts

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The following chemicals were used for the synthesis of the anode and cathode catalysts: Vulcan XC72R carbon black (CABOT Corporation), palladium chloride (PdCl2, anhydrous, 59–60% Pd basis, Aldrich), nickel(ii) nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, 99% trace metal basis, Aldrich), bismuth(iii) chloride (BiCl3, reagent grade, ≥98%, Aldrich), hydrochloric acid (HCl, ROTIPURAN® 37% fuming, p.a., ACS, ISO, Carl Roth), sodium borohydride (NaBH4, purity of 97%, Alfa Aesar), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ≥98%, ACS, pellets, Fluka), ultrapure water (∼18 MΩ cm, Barnstead NANOpureWater Purification system), potassium permanganate (KMnO4, ≥99.0% p.a., Merck), and silver nitrate (AgNO3, ≥99.8% p.a., Merck).
The following materials and chemicals were utilized for the MEA production and the half and single cell tests: ethanol (EtOH, 99.9% p.a., Roth), 2-propanol (99.9% p.a., Roth), potassium hydroxide (KOH, ≥85%, p.a., pellets), CS/N-rGONRs anion exchange membranes developed in our previous work,14 Nafion™ solution (NS-5, PTSA 5%, Quintech), commercial Pt/C (platinum, nominally 40% on carbon black, Alfa Aesar), carbon cloth (ELAT—hydrophilic plain cloth, fuel cell store, 0.406 mm thick), and carbon paper (Sigracet 29 BC, fuel cell store, 0.235 mm thick).
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of PVP-Coated Nickel Catalyst

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Polyvineypirrolydone (PVP) and isopropyl alcohol were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. Potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate (K4[Fe(CN)6]·3H2O) and nickel acetate tetrahydrate (Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O) were obtained from Sinopharm Reagent Co., Ltd. Hydrochloric acid (HCl solution, 36%) and anhydrous ethanol were purchased from Guangdong Guanghua Sci-Tech Co., Ltd. Nafion solution (D520, 5 wt.%) from DuPont™ and Vulcan XC-72R carbon black from Cabot were used as received for the study. All reagents were used without further purification. Water (DI water, 18.2 MΩ) used for all the experiments in this study was purified through an Aquaplore 2S system.
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4

Synthesis of Platinum-Based Catalysts

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Chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6·6H2O), ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)3·9H2O), cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2·6H2O), nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2·6H2O), and PVP were purchased
from Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. Vulcan XC-72R carbon black was purchased
from Cabot Corporation. Nafion (5%) was purchased from DuPont and
commercial Pt/C (20% Pt loading supported on XC-72R carbon black with
an average size of 3 nm) was obtained from Johnson Matthey.
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5

Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles

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The Vulcan XC-72R carbon black (CB) was obtained from Cabot Inc., Boston, MA, USA. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), glycine, glucose, and hexachloroplatinic acid hexahydrate (H2PtCl6·6H2O) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) solution was obtained from Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All chemicals were of analytical grade and were used without further purification.
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6

Pd-Ni-Bi Nanoparticle Catalyst Synthesis

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Palladium chloride (PdCl2, anhydrous, 59–60% Pd basis, Aldrich), sodium chloride (NaCl, ≥ 99.5%, Carl Roth), nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2⋅6H2O, Aldrich), bismuth(III) chloride (BiCl3, reagent grade, ≥ 98%, Aldrich), hydrochloric acid (HCl (aq), Carl Roth), Vulcan XC72R carbon black (CABOT Corporation, USA), sodium borohydride (NaBH4, purity of 97%, Alfa Aesar), 2-propanol (≥ 99.8%, Honeywell), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Fluka), and ultrapure water (~ 18 MΩ∙cm, Barnstead NANOpure Water Purification system) were used for the development of Pd85Ni10Bi5 nanoparticles on the Vulcan XC72R carbon support material as anode catalysts. A commercial Pd/C (40 wt.%, Fuel Cell Store) catalyst was used as reference material.
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