Pha 543613

Animals were divided into three groups randomly: Cage control Group (CC group); chronic sleep deprivation for 7 days (SD group); intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of α7-nAChR agonist PHA-543613 after chronic sleep deprivation for 7 days (SD + PHA-543613 group). The circadian system regulates many physiological functions including inflammatory responses. Plenty of researches proved that circadian clocks persist in immune cells including microglia (23 (link)–25 (link)), and clock genes are involved in regulating immunological activities. Thus, animals were fed under standard illumination parameters (12-h light/dark cycle) to avoid the influence of different circadian rhythms on the neuroinflammatory response of microglia and astrocytes.
PHA-543613 (Sigma-Aldrich), a potent, high-affinity and selective a7-nAChR agonist, it is characterized by rapid brain penetration (26 (link)). Based on previous studies (26 (link)–28 (link)), PHA-543613 was administrated at 6 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection immediately 6 h after chronic sleep deprivation, and continued for 3 consecutive days until the experiment terminated. The saline vehicle was administrated at 6 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection in the CC group. All animals were operated on at 9 a.m.

MK‐801 and PHA‐543613 were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Haloperidol was purchased from Hunan Dongting Pharm. Co., Ltd (Hunan, China). Olanzapine was purchased from Lily del Caribe. Inc. Ziprasidone was purchased from Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Limited. All of the drugs were dissolved in saline and freshly prepared and administered in a volume of 0.1 ml per 10 g body weight. The control group received the same volume of vehicle. All the mice were administered saline or MK‐801 (0.1 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 10 days before MWM test. Haloperidol (2 mg/kg, HAL), olanzapine (2.5 mg/kg, OLA), ziprasidone (2 mg/kg, ZIP), and PHA‐543613 (1 mg/kg, PHA) were administered to the naïve mice and MK‐801‐treated mice 30 min before the acquisition phase and probe test. The dosages and paradigms of injections were performed according to previous studies (Karamihalev et al., 2014; Mutlu, Ulak, Celikyurt, Akar, & Erden, 2011; Nilsson, Markinhuhta, & Carlsson, 2006; Sadigh‐Eteghad, Talebi, Mahmoudi, Babri, & Shanehbandi, 2015; Tanyeri et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2012).