D 2 amino 5 phosphonovalerate d ap5

Materials were purchased from the following companies: fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester (AM) from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA); Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA); the AMPA receptor antagonist 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo [f] quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX), the L-type Ca²⁺ channel antagonist nimodipine, PKCε translocation inhibitor and PKCζ pseudosubstrate inhibitor, CaMKII inhibitor KN-62 from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA); the NMDA receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (D-AP5), the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-^*N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; the nonspecific PKC inhibitor staurosporin, the JAK-2 inhibitor AG490, the MAPK kinase inhibitor PD98059 and all other reagents from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Mg²⁺ free-DMEM (DMEM without MgSO₄) was purchased from WelGENE (Korea) as a customer-ordered item.