Chlorobenzene cb

Lead iodide (PbI₂) is purchased from Alfa Aesar. Formamidinium iodide (FAI) and titanium dioxide paste (TiO₂-30 NRD) are purchased from Greatcell. 2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) is purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp. Methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr₃) was purchased from Share Chem. Ultra-dry dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol (EtOH), and chlorobenzene (CB) are purchased from Acros. Cesium iodide (CsI), 4-tert-butyl pyridine (TBP), lithium bistrifluorosulfonylimide (LiTFSI), acetonitrile (ACN), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetylacetone, titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) 75 wt% in isopropanol, and methylammonium chloride (MACl) are purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) (10 Ω/sq) conductive glass is purchased from Nippon Sheet Glass (NSG). (Poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine) (PTAA: 115 kDa) is purchased from Solaris Chem Inc. All the chemicals are used as received without further purification.

For perovskite precursor solution, besides the anhydrous and high purity reagents, some analytical reagents were compared. The purity degree and impurity content were recorded in brackets. Methylammonium iodide (MAI) was purchased from Dyesol. PbI₂ reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (99.999%, trace metals basis), Sinopharm chemical reagent (98%, 0.03% chloride, 0.5% alkaline-earth metals, 0.05% Fe) and Hangzhou Kaiyada (99.999%), respectively. N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) reagents were purchased from Acros (anhydrous, 99.8%), Aladdin (GC, 99.9%) and Tianjin Damao chemical reagent (AR, 99.5%, 0.005% evaporation residue content, 0.0005% Fe, 0.1% H₂O), respectively. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reagents were purchased from Acros (anhydrous, 99.8%), Aladdin (GC, 99.9%) and Tianjin Damao chemical reagent (AR, 99.5%, 0.02% incinerated residue content, 0.1% H₂O), respectively. Anisole was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (anhydrous, 99.98%). Chlorobenzene (CB) was purchased from Acros (extra dry, 99.5%). 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (TFE) was purchased from Energy chemical (99.5%). [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) was purchased from NANO-C Tech. Anisole was purchased from Aladdin (anhydrous, 99.7%). Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was purchased from Acros (M.W. 35000).

All chemicals were used as received without further purification. SnO₂ 15% in H₂O colloidal dispersion (Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA), deionized water (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA), perovskite precursor: formamidinium iodide (FAI, 99.995%, GreatCell Solar, Queanbeyan, Australia), Methylammonium Iodide (MAI, 99.995% GreatCell Solar), methylammonium chloride (MACl, 98% GreatCell Solar), benzamidine hydrochloride (Ph-FACl, 99.95%, Sigma Aldrich), PbI₂ (99.99%, TCI Japan, Tokyo, Japan), dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%, Acros, Geel, Belgium), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.9%, Acros), isopropanol (IPA, 99.5%, Acros Organics), X60 (99.8%, Dyen-amo, Stockholm, Sweden), 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP, 96%, Sigma Aldrich), Li-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Li-TFSI, 99.95%, Sigma Aldrich), Acetonitrile (ACN, 99.8%, Acros Organics), Chlorobenzene (CB, 99.8%, Acros Organics), 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (EMIM-TFSI, 98%, TCI America, Portland, OR, USA), MoO₃ (99.99%, J.K Lesker, Jefferson Hills, PA, USA), Ag (99.999%, J.K Lesker).