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Chlorhexidine

Manufactured by Fresenius
Sourced in Norway

Chlorhexidine is a widely used antiseptic and disinfectant compound. It has antimicrobial properties and is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Chlorhexidine is commonly used in healthcare settings for hand washing, skin disinfection, and as a component in oral care products.

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4 protocols using chlorhexidine

1

Hydrogel Implantation in Rat Skin

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Seven female Sprague–Dawley
rats (200–300 g) fed on a standard pellet diet and water were
used in the study, which was approved by the Local Ethical Committee
for Laboratory Animals (Dnr 1091/17). The animals were housed together
(2–3 rats/cage) and kept at the infection unit at the animal
facility with daily supervision. Anesthesia was induced by isoflurane
inhalation (4% with air flow of 650 mL/min) and maintained with continuous
administration of isoflurane (∼2% with an air flow of 450 mL/min)
via a mask (Univentor 400 anesthesia unit, Univentor, Zejtun, Malta).
The back of the rats was shaved and cleaned with chlorhexidine (5
mg/mL; Fresenius Kabi, Norway). On the back of the rats, six separate
incisions were made and pockets created by blunt dissection in the
soft tissue under the skin into which hydrogel disks were inserted.
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2

Orthotopic Ovarian Tumor Xenograft Model

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Mice were anaesthetised as described above and placed in left lateral recumbence. A combination protocol for analgesia, including 0•1 mg/kg buprenorphine hydrochloride (cat# 561634 Temgesic, Indivor UK Ltd, Slough, Berks, Great Britain) and 5 mg/kg meloxicam (cat# 386860 Metacam vet., Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Nordics, Copenhagen, Denmark) was administered subcutaneously. The fur on the right flank was shaved and the skin was prepared aseptically with chlorhexidine 5 mg/mL (cat# 007169 Fresenius Kabi, Halden, Norway). The surgical procedure was performed as previously described [26] (link), with the following modifications; 105 OV-90luc+ cells or single cell suspensions from four different primary tumours were separately mixed with matrigel (1:1, cat# 08-774-391, Corning Inc®, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA) and injected into the bursa of the ovary at the level of the oviduct, using a 30 G needle. Abdominal muscles and skin were closed separately, using 6–0 absorbable polyglactin suture (cat# V492H Vicryl, Ethicon, Johnson & Johnson, Belgium). The animals were given a subcutaneous injection of sterile saline and allowed to recover in a warm environment, before returning to the home cage.
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3

Orthotopic Ovarian Cancer Model in Mice

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Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane 3% and placed on a heating pad in lateral decubitus. The fur was clipped on the left lateral side of the abdomen, from the thoraco-lumbar junction to the iliac crest. Skin was disinfected with chlorhexidine 5 mg/ml, (Fresenius Kabi, Halden, Norway) and 70% ethanol (Kemetyl, Vestby, Norway). A 5 mm incision was made in the skin and abdominal wall, parallel and ventral to the spine, midway and between the last rib and the iliac crest. The ovarian fat pads were exteriorized and the ovaries were held in position facing the surgeon with the oviduct ventral, using a serrefine clamp. The cell suspensions (10 µL) containing 1×104 SKOV-3luc+ cells, were inoculated inserting the needle (30 gauge) at the junction between the bursa and the fat pad. Before closing muscles and skin with continuous 5-0 monofilament non-absorbable sutures (Ethilon 5-0, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA) the ovaries were put back to the original position. After the surgery the animals received 0.1 mg/kg buprenorphine hydrochloride (Temgesic, Reckitt Benckiser, Berkshire, UK) and were placed in a warm environment until full recovery.
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4

Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Surgical Protocol

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At the time of index surgery all patients received perioperative intravenous antibiotics prior to incision. The antibiotic regimen was cloxacillin 2 g + 1 g + 1 g + 1 g, or, in cases of penicillin allergy, clindamycin 600 mg × 3 during 24 hours. Skin disinfection was performed with chlorhexidine (5 mg/ml, Fresenius Kabi). All patients underwent a general anesthesia in combination with interscalene brachial plexus block. A deltopectoral approach was used in all cases, the subscapularis tendon was incised 10 mm medial to the lesser tuberosity and the shoulder dislocated. An osteotomy was carried out through the anatomical neck in 20 to 30° of retroversion. Subsequently, in cases receiving a total shoulder arthroplasty, the glenoid was prepared and an all polyethylene glenoid component was inserted using Palacos R + G (Heraeus Nordic). In cases receiving the Eclipse® prosthesis the trunion was secured with a cage screw and a humeral head was impacted onto the trunion. After reduction and routine assessment of joint stability and range of motion the subscapular tendon was sutured with Ortocord (Johnsson & Johnsson), and the wound was closed layer by layer with Vicryl and an intradermal Monocryl suture.
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