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11 protocols using ems3 sycop3

1

Imaging Transgenic Larvae and Fungal Interactions

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Transgenic larvae were pre-screened for fluorescence using a zoomscope (EMS3/SyCoP3; Zeiss; Plan-NeoFluor Z objective). For multi-day imaging experiments, larvae were anesthetized and mounted in a Z-wedgi device [43 (link),48 (link)] where they were oriented such that the hindbrain was fully visible. Z-series images (5 μm slices) of the hindbrain were acquired on a spinning disk confocal microscope (CSU-X; Yokogawa) with a confocal scan head on a Zeiss Observer Z.1 inverted microscope, Plan-Apochromat NA 0.8/20x objective, and a Photometrics Evolve EMCCD camera. Between imaging sessions larvae were kept in E3-MB with PTU in individual wells of 24- or 48-well plates. Neutrophil-fungal interactions were imaged using an inverted epifluorescence microscope (Nikon Eclipse TE3000) with a Nikon Plan Fluor 20x/0.50 objective, motorized stage (Ludl Electronic Products) and Prime BSI Express camera (Teledyne Photometrics). Environmental controls were set to 37°C with 5% CO2. Images were acquired every 3 min for 12 h. Imaging of A. fumigatus stained with CFW was performed using an upright Zeiss Imager.Z2 LSM 800 laser scanning confocal microscope with Airyscan detection and a Plan-Apochromat 20x /0.8 objective. A single z plane image was acquired for each hypha. Images were captured using identical laser and exposure settings for each condition.
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2

Caudal Fin Regeneration in Zebrafish

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At 2 dpf zebrafish were placed into a 60 mm dish in E3 +0.2 mg/ml Tricaine. A fine tip cautery (BVI Accu-Temp; cat #8442000) was used to burn the caudal fin. The cautery was turned on after being placed into the water and was held on the posterior tip of the caudal fin for 1–2 s, until a slight bend in the fin was apparent. After the burn, fish were placed into a clean milk-treated 35 mm petri dish with fresh E3 and held in an incubator at 28.5 degrees. For regeneration assessment, embryos were imaged at 1 and 2 dpw on a Zoomscope (EMS3/SyCoP3; Zeiss; Plan-NeoFluar Z objective). Images were taken on an Axiocam MRm CCD camera using ZEN pro 2012 software (Zeiss).
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3

Visualizing Neutrophils and Macrophages in Zebrafish Wound Healing

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C3a.1+/− adults were in-crossed. 3 dpf larvae were wounded by tail transection using a no. 10 Feather surgical blade. To visualize neutrophils in the wound microenvironment, the larvae were fixed at 2 hpw or 8 hpw in 4% paraformaldehyde in 1X PBS overnight at 4 °C. Sudan Black B staining was performed as described previously64 (link). Fixed larvae were imaged using a zoomscope (EMS3/SyCoP3; Zeiss; Plan-NeoFluar Z objective) and then genotyped as above. For macrophage quantification, c3a.1+/− adults carrying a mpeg1:GFP transgene18 (link) were in-crossed. At 3 dpf, larvae were pre-screened for fluorescence on a zoomscope. Tail wounding was then performed as described above and the larvae were fixed in 1.5% formaldehyde overnight at 4 °C. Fixed larvae were imaged using a zoomscope and genotyped as above. All image analysis was performed using Zen 2012 (blue edition, Carl Zeiss), blinded to genotype.
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4

Zebrafish Larval Diet and HCC Screening

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Larval diets were prepared as previously described 25 (link) using Golden Pearl Diet 5–50nm - Active Spheres. At 5 dpf, zebrafish larvae were separated into treatment groups in E3 without methylene blue. According to the number of larvae, larvae were maintained in a 15cm petri dish (up to 20 larvae), a small breeding box (20–75 larvae) or a big breeding box (75-up to 150 larvae), and fed for 8 days with ND or HFD (with 2mg, 4.5mg or 6–8mg daily, respectively), E3 was replaced daily. Before any experimental procedure, larvae were fasted for 24 hours. At 13 dpf, larvae were prescreened for HCC (Green Eye marker) or No HCC, and/or liver marker (Green Liver or Red Liver markers) on Zeiss Axio Zoom stereo microscope (EMS3/SyCoP3; Zeiss; Zeiss; PlanNeoFluar Z 1X:0.25 FWD 56mm lens).
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5

Imaging Embryonic and Larval Specimens

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Anesthetized or 4% paraformaldehyde fixed embryos were imaged on custom made glass bottom imaging dishes. For live time lapse imaging, anesthetized larvae were stabilized by mounting in 1% low melt agarose with a final concentration of 0.2 mg/ml Tricaine as described above. Still image and time-lapse microscopy was performed via zoomscope microscopy (EMS3/SyCoP3; Zeiss; 1X PlanNeoFluar Z objective), laser scanning confocal microscopy (Fluoview FV1000; Olympus; 0.75 NA/20X objective), or spinning disk confocal microscopy (AxioObserver.Z1; Zeiss; 0.80 NA/20X or 1.30 NA/63X objective). Confocal images and movies used in figures were run through despeckling noise reduction in Fiji (Schindelin et al., 2012 (link)).
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6

Quantifying Bacterial Colonization in Larvae

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Single larvae were placed in 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes with 90 μl of 1x PBS containing 500 μg/ml Kanamycin and 500 μg/ml Gentamycin and homogenized in a mini bead beater at maximum speed for 10–20 seconds. The entire volume was plated on a 10 cm GMM plate, incubated for two days at 37°C, and CFUs were counted. For each CFU experiment, ≥8 larvae were individually plated for each time point and each condition. For co-infection CFU experiments, fluorescence of colonies was visualized on a zoomscope (EMS3/SyCoP3; Zeiss; Plan-NeoFluar Z objective) to specifically count colonies of each strain. All CFU data were normalized to the average initial injection dose for each replicate and condition.
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7

Zebrafish Tail Regeneration Assay

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For regeneration assays, tail transection was performed on 2–2.5 dpf larvae using a surgical blade (Feather, no. 10). Regenerate length was quantified by measuring the distance between the caudal tip of the notochord and the caudal edge of the tail fin at 3 days post-wounding (dpw). Regenerate area was measured using the FIJI (Schindelin et al., 2012 (link)) image analysis software to assess the total fin area posterior to the notochord. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) (Tocris) (100 µM) or Withaferin A (WA) (Santa Cruz) (30 µM) was applied for 1 hr before and after wounding. β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) (Sigma Aldrich), at a concentration of 140 µM, was maintained from the time of wounding through the duration of the healing process assessed (2 dpw). The treatment was replenished at 24 hpw. Larvae were imaged at 2 or 3 dpw for regeneration studies on a Zeiss Zoomscope (EMS3/SyCoP3; Zeiss; Plan-NeoFluar Z objective).
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8

Tracking Dissemination of L. monocytogenes

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To evaluate extent of dissemination during tail would infection, mCherry-expressing version of L. monocytogenes was used to perform tail would infection on PTU-treated wild-type larvae. Larvae were fixed at indicated times post infection and imaged by Zeiss Zoomscope (EMS3/SyCoP3; Zeiss; Plan-NeoFluar Z objective; 63X magnification (0.8 µm resolution, 3.7 mm field of view, 12 µm depth of field). 200 µm sized z-stacks with 5-micron step size were acquired by 1 × 4 tile imaging of the whole embryos. Images were collected and stitched post acquisition using Zen software (Zeiss).
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9

Macrophage Depletion and Fungal Infection

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At 1.5 dpf, 2 nl of clodronate or PBS liposomes (Liposoma) with 0.1% phenol red was micro-injected intravenously into the caudal vein plexus of transgenic larvae expressing a fluorescent macrophage marker. Macrophage depletion was confirmed 24 hours later by loss of signal on a fluorescent zoomscope (EMS3/SyCoP3; Zeiss; Plan-NeoFluar Z objective) prior to hindbrain injection of A. fumigatus.
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10

Imaging Neutrophil-Fungal Interactions in Zebrafish

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Transgenic larvae were pre-screened for fluorescence using a zoomscope (EMS3/SyCoP3; Zeiss; Plan-NeoFluor Z objective). For multi-day imaging experiments, larvae were anesthetized and mounted in a Z-wedgi device [39 , 44 (link)] where they were oriented such that the hindbrain was fully visible. Z-series images (5 μm slices) of the hindbrain were acquired on a spinning disk confocal microscope (CSU-X; Yokogawa) with a confocal scanhead on a Zeiss Observer Z.1 inverted microscope, Plan-Apochromat NA 0.8/20x objective, and a Photometrics Evolve EMCCD camera. Between imaging sessions larvae were kept in E3-MB with PTU in individual wells of 24- or 48-well plates. Neutrophil-fungal interactions were imaged using an inverted epifluorescence microscope (Nikon Eclipse TE3000) with a Nikon Plan Fluor 20x/0.50 objective, motorized stage (Ludl Electronic Products) and Prime BSI Express camera (Teledyne Photometrics). Environmental controls were set to 37°C with 5% CO2. Images were acquired every 3 min for 12 h. Imaging of A. fumigatus stained with CFW was performed using an upright Zeiss Imager.Z2 LSM 800 laser scanning confocal microscope with Airyscan detection and a Plan-Apochromat 20x /0.8 objective. A single z plane image was acquired for each hypha. Images were captured using identical laser and exposure settings for each condition.
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