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Nicotine hydrogen tartrate

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Sourced in United States, Sao Tome and Principe, United Kingdom

Nicotine hydrogen tartrate is a chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It serves as a precursor for the synthesis of nicotine and other related compounds. The compound is a white, crystalline powder with a characteristic odor. It is soluble in water and certain organic solvents. Nicotine hydrogen tartrate is primarily utilized in research and development settings to facilitate the study and production of nicotine-based products.

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Close spelling variants of this product

Nicotine [(−)-nicotine hydrogen tartrate] Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt Hydrogen tartrate salt of nicotine Nicotine tartrate Nicotine

131 protocols using nicotine hydrogen tartrate

1

Nicotine self-administration and modulation

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(-)-Nicotine hydrogen tartrate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was dissolved in sterile saline (0.9 % sodium chloride), and the pH was adjusted to 7.2 ± 0.2 using 1 M NaOH. The rats self-administered 0.03 or 0.06 mg/kg/inf of nicotine in a volume of 0.1 ml/inf. Mifepristone (Cayman chemical company, Ann Arbor, MI) was dissolved in 10 % dimethylformamide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 10 % kolliphor (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and mixed in sterile saline. (-)-Nicotine hydrogen tartrate and mecamylamine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were dissolved in sterile saline. Mifepristone was administered intraperitoneally (IP), and mecamylamine and nicotine were administered subcutaneously (SC) in a volume of 1 ml/kg body weight. Nicotine doses are expressed as the base, and mecamylamine doses are expressed as salt.
Chellian R., Behnood-Rod A, & Bruijnzeel A.W. (2024). Mifepristone decreases nicotine intake in dependent and non-dependent adult rats. Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 38(3).
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2

Nicotine and Metyrapone Pharmacology

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The following compounds were tested: (−) nicotine hydrogen tartrate (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and metyrapone (50 mg/kg, Tocris Bioscience, UK). Drugs were dissolved in saline solution (0.9 % NaCl). Nicotine was administered subcutaneously (s.c.) whereas metyrapone was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a volume of 10 ml/kg. Drug doses refer to the salt form. The pH of the nicotine solution was adjusted to 7.0. Fresh drug solutions were prepared on each day of experimentation. Control groups received saline injections of the same volume and via the same route of administration.
The range of doses of drugs was chosen based on literature data [22 (link), 23 (link)], our recently published articles [21 (link), 24 (link)] and preliminary studies.
Biala G., Pekala K., Boguszewska-Czubara A., Michalak A., Kruk-Slomka M, & Budzynska B. (2016). Behavioral and Biochemical Interaction Between Nicotine and Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Mice. Molecular Neurobiology, 54(2), 904-921.
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3

Pharmacological Evaluation of Nicotinic Ligands

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(−)-Nicotine hydrogen tartrate [(−)-1-methyl-2-(3- pyridyl) pyrrolidine (+)-bitartrate] was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). PNU120596 [1-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)] and PNU282987 [N-(3R)-1 Azabicyclo [2.2.2] oct-3-yl-4-chlorobenzamide] were obtained from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) supply program (Bethesda, MD). NS6740 (1, 4-diazabicyclo [3.2.2] nonan-4-yl (5-(3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl) furan-2-yl) methanone). NS1738 was purchased from Tocris Biosciences (Minneapolis, MN). Morphine sulfate was obtained from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (Baltimore, MD, USA). Nicotine, morphine, NS6740, and PNU282987 were dissolved in physiological saline. NS1738 and PNU120596 were dissolved in a mixture of 1:1:18 [1 volume ethanol/1 volume Emulphor-620 (Rhone-Poulenc, Inc., Princeton, NJ) and 18 volumes distilled water]. Nicotine, morphine, and PNU282987 were injected subcutaneously (s.c.), while all other drugs were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). The nicotine solution pH was neutralized to pH 7.0 with sodium bicarbonate as needed. Freshly prepared solutions were given to mice at 10 ml/kg, s.c. Doses are expressed as the free base of the drug.
Jackson A., Alkhlaif Y., Papke R.L., Brunzell D.H, & Damaj M.I. (2019). Impact of modulation of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on nicotine reward in the mouse conditioned place preference test. Psychopharmacology, 236(12), 3593-3599.
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4

Nicotine Withdrawal and Cognitive Enhancement

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Nicotine was chronically administered through sub-cutaneous implanted osmotic mini pumps (Model 1002, 100 μl reservoir volume; Alzet, Cupertino, California, USA) that delivered 12.6 mg/kg/day nicotine hydrogen tartrate (freebase weight; Sigma Co., St Louis, Missouri, USA) in physiological saline solution (0.9% NaCl in distilled water) at a 0.21–0.25 μl/h flow rate. Pumps were removed 12 days after the initial implant surgeries; training was conducted 24 h after pump removal and testing was performed 24 h after training. ABT-089 and ABT-107 were dissolved in saline and administered intraperitoneally 5 and 15 min before training and testing, respectively. Dose–response experiments with ABT-089 and ABT-107 were conducted to establish the doses in the withdrawal experiments that had minimal impact on baseline fear conditioning. Starting doses and pretreatment times were based on communications with Dr Lynne Rueter (AbbVie) and on prior work (Yohn et al., 2014 (link)).
Yildirim E., Connor D.A, & Gould T.J. (2015). ABT-089, but not ABT-107, ameliorates nicotine withdrawal-induced cognitive deficits in C57BL6/J mice. Behavioural pharmacology, 26(3), 241-248.
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5

Neuromodulatory Compounds Administration

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Nicotine hydrogen tartrate, haloperidol, and R-(±) SCH-23390 were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The nicotine and SCH-23390
for systemic administration was dissolved in 0.9% sterile saline
(Hospira Inc, Lake Forest, IL, USA). haloperidol and SCH-23390 for local
infusion were dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), which served
as the vehicle for both compounds.
Hall B.J., Slade S., Allenby C., Kutlu M.G, & Levin E.D. (2015). Neuro-anatomic mapping of dopamine D1 receptor involvement in nicotine self-administration in rats. Neuropharmacology, 99, 689-695.
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6

Nicotine Pharmacological Effects in Rats

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Nicotine hydrogen tartrate (Sigma, St Louis, MO) was dissolved in 0.9% physiological saline solution. F344 and HIV-1Tg rats were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) with either saline or nicotine once per day (0.4 mg/kg/day) for 27 d before tissue collection, a procedure commonly used to study pharmacological effects of nicotine in our and other groups (Gutala et al., 2006 (link), Matta et al., 2007 (link), Nesil et al., 2015 (link)). The concentration of nicotine was calculated as nicotine free base, pH 7.0, according to Matta et al. (Matta et al., 2007 (link)) and based on our previous reported (Song et al., 2015 , Nesil et al., 2015 (link)).
On Day 28, the animals were sacrificed and brain regions were collected. Using a rat brain matrix (Kent Scientific, Torrington, CT), 1 mm slices were taken from each brain. The slices that contained the prefrontal cortex (PFC), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) were identified according to the rat brain atlas (Paxinos and Watson, 2005 ). Tissue from the regions of interest was collected from each brain using a 1.5 mm brain punch (Stoelting, Wood Dale, IL), and stored at −80°C until use.
Yang Z., Nesil T., Connaghan K.P., Li M.D, & Chang S.L. (2016). Modulation effect of HIV-1 viral proteins and nicotine on expression of the immune-related genes in brain of the HIV-1 transgenic rats. Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, 11(3), 562-571.
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7

Nicotine, Menthol, and DMSO Preparation

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(−)-Nicotine hydrogen tartrate, (−)-menthol (cyclohexanol-5-methyl-2-[1-methylethyl), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Nicotine solutions for intravenous self-administration were prepared fresh each week by dissolving nicotine salt in physiological saline and adjusting the pH to 7.4 ± 0.4 with sodium hydroxide. The nicotine doses are reported as free-base concentrations. Menthol was dissolved in DMSO and diluted with deionized water to a final DMSO concentration being at 50% (V/V).
Biswas L., Harrison E., Gong Y., Avusula R., Lee J., Zhang M., Rousselle T., Lage J, & Liu X. (2016). Enhancing effect of menthol on nicotine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology, 233(18), 3417-3427.
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8

Pharmacological Interventions in Experimental Models

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The following compounds were tested: nicotine hydrogen tartrate (0.175 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), metyrapone (50 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and imipramine (15 mg/kg Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Drugs were dissolved in saline solution (0.9% NaCl). Compounds and saline (for control groups) were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a volume of 5 ml/kg. Nicotine dose refers to the base form. The pH of the nicotine solution was adjusted to 7.0. Fresh drug solutions were prepared on each day of behavioral testing. Control groups received saline injections at the same volume and via the same route of administration. The range of doses of drugs was chosen based on literature data, our recently published articles [53 (link)–56 (link), 62 ], and preliminary studies.
Biala G., Pekala K., Boguszewska-Czubara A., Michalak A., Kruk-Slomka M., Grot K, & Budzynska B. (2017). Behavioral and Biochemical Impact of Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress on the Acquisition of Nicotine Conditioned Place Preference in Rats. Molecular Neurobiology, 55(4), 3270-3289.
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9

Drug Preparation and Combination Protocols

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Cocaine HCl was provided by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (Rockville, MD) and prepared in sterile water. Nicotine hydrogen tartrate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), and was solubilized in sterile water buffered with NaOH to achieve a pH of 6–7. Bupropion was synthesized by Drs. FI Carroll and BE Blough and dissolved into saline. All drugs were filtered with a 22-μm syringe-driven filter. Cocaine and nicotine mixtures were combined in the same syringe. Cocaine and bupropion doses are expressed as the salt form and nicotine doses are expressed as the base.
de Moura F.B., Barkin C.E., Blough B.E., Ivy Carroll F., Mello N.K, & Kohut S.J. (2019). Effects of Chronic Treatment with Bupropion on Self-Administration of Nicotine + Cocaine Mixtures in Nonhuman Primates. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 28(5), 517-526.
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10

Nicotine Tartrate Preparation Protocol

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Nicotine hydrogen tartrate was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All plasticware and other supplies were purchased from Corning (Corning, NY), Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA), and Invitrogen (San Diego, CA).
Liu J., Yu C., Doherty T.M., Akbari O., Allard P, & Rehan V.K. (2020). Perinatal nicotine exposure-induced transgenerational asthma: Effects of reexposure in F1 gestation. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 34(9), 11444-11459.
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