Sulfamethoxazole

To evaluate the effects of P.g. on systemic organs other than periodontal tissue in mice, we employed the P.g. oral gavage method.^{47 (link)} This approach is widely used to obtain a less artificial infectious animal model, ensuring a more realistic representation of the biological response. Mice were administered with trimethoprim (0.4 mg·mL^-1) and sulfamethoxazole (0.7 mg·mL^-1) solutions (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical. Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan), which were prepared by mixing the drugs with drinking water for 10 days, and only water was administered on the following 2 days. The mice were then inoculated once every 2 days with 0.1 mL of P.g. (1 × 10⁹ CFU·mL^-1) dissolved in 2.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC; Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Kyoto, Japan) via oral gavage. Noninoculated mice were administered with 0.1 mL of 2.5% CMC alone.^{48 (link)} The level of anti-P.g.–specific IgG in the plasma before sacrificing the mice was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).^{49 (link)}

Deferoxamine, ferrostatin-1, erastin, sulfacetamide, sulfasalazine (SSZ), zymosan, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), sulfisoxazole, tBHP, and sulfasalazine were purchased from Sigma. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), sulfamethoxazole, sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine, 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), sulfadimidine, sulfametoxydiazine, sulfisomidine, sulfanitran, sulfanilamide, and piroxicam were purchased from Wako. We purchased 1-O-hexadecyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ether-linked phosphatidylcholine) from Avanti polar lipids. Necrostatin-1 was purchased from FOCUS Biomolecules, and 2-mercaptoethanol was purchased from MP Biomedicals. z-VAD-fmk was purchased from Peptide institute. Trolox, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfadoxin, and sulfamethoxypyridazine were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry. Cl-amidine was purchased from Cayman chemicals. Ionomycin was purchased from Merck Millipore.