Grooved pegboard test

Manufactured by Lafayette Instrument

Sourced in India, United Kingdom

The Grooved Pegboard Test is a standardized assessment tool used to measure manual dexterity and fine motor skills. The device consists of a board with 25 cylindrical holes arranged in a specific pattern, and 25 matching pegs. Users are required to quickly place and remove the pegs from the holes in a timed setting.

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18 protocols using grooved pegboard test

Visuomotor Abilities of Naïve Adults

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Twenty-six naïve adults (16 females; 10 males) aged 20 to 39 years (M = 28.3 years; SD = 6.5 years) participated in this study (13 adults per experiment) and received monetary compensation for their participation. The sample size was determined with a power analysis using G*Power^{21 (link)} using the solution proposed by David Morse^{22 ,23} with parameters which was decided based on a preliminary study. The analysis indicated that for the interaction of a two-way within-subjects repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), a minimum sample size of 13 participants was needed to detect a medium effect (f = 0.25) with 80% power and an alpha level of 0.05. All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision. All participants were right-handed according to the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory^{24 (link)}. In addition, participants were ascertained to have normal visuomotor functions, as assessed by the Grooved pegboard test (Lafayette Instruments, Lafayette, IN). Written informed consent was obtained in accordance with a protocol approved by the RIKEN Research Ethics Committee [Wako3 30-13(2)]. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

Ueda S, & Shimoda S. (2021). Subjective time compression induced by continuous action. Scientific Reports, 11, 13488.

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Grooved Pegboard Test for Fine Motor Dexterity

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The Grooved Pegboard Test (Lafayette Instrument Company, Lafayette, Indiana) is a conventional neurobehavioral assessment to measure fine motor dexterity and used widely in patient populations (reviewed in Causby et al., 2014 (link)). This test contains 25 holes with randomly positioned slots and pegs that have a key along one side. Subjects were asked to rotate the pegs to match the hole before it could be inserted. Subjects were instructed to place all pegs into the 25 holes, picking up one at a time, and using just one hand. They completed the test first using their dominant and then their non-dominant hand. Total completion time was measured using a stopwatch. Average scores for the dominant or non-dominant hands in each group were calculated. The scores then were transformed to z-scores based on age- and education-adjusted norm scores (Ruff and Parker, 1993 (link)).

Lewis M.M., Lee E.Y., Jo H.J., Du G., Park J., Flynn M.R., Kong L., Latash M.L, & Huang X. (2016). Synergy as a new and sensitive marker of basal ganglia dysfunction: A study of asymptomatic welders. Neurotoxicology, 56, 76-85.

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Grooved Pegboard Test for Dexterity Assessment

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The Grooved Pegboard Test (Lafayette Instrument Company^®), a test of manual dexterity and motor speed, was applied to assess the sensori-neural part of HAVS. The test consists of a small board with a 5 × 5 set of slotted holes angled in different directions and 25 pegs with a ridge on one side. The score was the time to completion in s for each hand.
The same certified clinical neuropsychologist (RB-P) conducted the testing of all subjects.

Bast-Pettersen R., Nordby K.C., Wastensson G, & Aarhus L. (2021). Tremor measurements in a 22-year cohort study of workers exposed to hand-held vibrating tools. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 94(5), 1049-1059.

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Visuomotor Function in Healthy Adults

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A total of 20 experimentally naïve adults (13 women and 7 men) aged 20–39 years (M = 29.3 years; SD = 6.7 years) participated in this study and received monetary compensation for their involvement. The sample size was determined through a power analysis using G*Power (Faul et al., 2007 (link)) and the solution proposed by David Morse (Shirai and Ogawa, 2020 (link)).¹ The analysis indicated that at least 17 participants were needed to detect a medium effect (f = 0.25) with 80% power and a significance level of 0.05 for a two-way repeated measures within-subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA). All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and were right-handed as determined by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield, 1971 (link)). Participants were also screened for normal visuomotor function using the Grooved Pegboard Test (Lafayette Instruments, Lafayette, IN). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in accordance with the study protocol approved by the RIKEN Research Ethics Committee [Wako3 30–13(2)]. All procedures were conducted in accordance with applicable guidelines and regulations.

Ueda S, & Shimoda S. (2023). Enriched sensory feedback delivered during a voluntary action boosts subjective time compression. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1140569.

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Assessing Cold-Induced Sensory Changes

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The examinations took place in Oslo, Norway, in 1994 and 2016/2017. The 2016–2017 study was conducted during the cool season from September 2016 to March 2017. In 1994, the workers were tested with a test battery comprising the Grooved Pegboard test (Lafayette Instrument), a cold challenge photoplethysmography test (PPG) and vibrometry for testing sensory-neural thresholds (Aarhus et al. 2018 (link), 2019 (link)). The subjects also underwent a clinical examination and an interview that included assessment with the Stockholm Workshop Scale. The same procedure was repeated in the follow-up study, but a tremor test and blood samples were added.

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Visuomotor Function Assessment in Healthy Adults

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Forty-five naïve adults (25 females; 35 males) aged 18 to 30 years (M = 21.5 years; SD =1.8 years) participated in this study and received monetary compensation for their participation. All participants self-reported to have normal hearing and normal or corrected-to-normal vision. They were right-handed according to the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory^{15 (link)} and were ascertained to have normal visuomotor functions, as assessed by the Grooved pegboard test (Lafayette Instruments, Lafayette, IN). Written informed consent was obtained in accordance with a protocol approved by the RIKEN Research Ethics Committee [Wako3 28-17(4)].

Ueda S., Sakai H, & Kumada T. (2019). A Novel Approach to Sensorimotor Skill Acquisition Utilizing Sensory Substitution: A Driving Simulation Study. Scientific Reports, 9, 17886.

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Neuropsychological Assessment in HIV Patients

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Neuropsychological performance was assessed within 1 month prior to imaging using six tests, some of which have been previously shown to demonstrate the effects of HIV serostatus. These included Trail Making A and B (Reitan 1958 ), Digit Symbol Substitution (WAIS-R) (Weschler 1981 ), Grooved Pegboard Test (Lafayette Instruments, Lafayette, IN), semantic verbal fluency (animals) (Ardila et al. 2007 ), and phonemic word fluency (Golden et al. 2000 ). Test scores were age-adjusted and converted to T scores. Multiple regression was used to examine the effects of serostatus, age, sex, drug use, and education on test performance.

, & Uzunovic-Kamberovic S. (2001). Letter to the Editor: Changes in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Carriage Rates in the Zenica Canton of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Pre- and Postwar Periods. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39(7), 2753.

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Grooved Pegboard Test for Motor Dexterity

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The Grooved Pegboard Test (Lafayette Instruments, Lafayette, Indiana), consists of 25 keyholes in a 5 × 5 grid. Participants are asked to fit the pegs in the keyholes as quickly as possible, first with their dominant hand and then again with their non-dominant hand. This task is designed to measure motor dexterity [69 ]. Completion time in seconds for the dominant hand was used in analyses.

Becker S.P., Marsh N.P., Holdaway A.S, & Tamm L. (2019). Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Processing Speed in Adolescents with ADHD: Do Findings Vary Based on Informant and Task?. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 29(10), 1371-1384.

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Comprehensive Neuropsychological Assessment

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All participants completed a neuropsychological test battery assessing IQ (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Second Edition: Vocabulary and Matrix Reasoning subscales; WASI-II; Wechsler, 2011), visual motor coordination (Grooved Pegboard Test; GPB; Lafayette Instruments, 2002), spatial working memory maintenance (CANTAB Spatial Working Memory), impulsive decision-making and risk taking (CANTAB Cambridge Gambling Task), and reversal learning (CANTAB Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift)(CANTAB^®, Cambridge Cognition, Cambridge, UK).

Pinner J.F., Coffman B.A, & Stephen J.M. (2020). Covariation Between Brain Function (MEG) and Structure (DTI) Differentiates Adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) from Typically Developing Controls. Neuroscience, 449, 74-87.

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Grooved Pegboard Test for Fine Motor Assessment

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The Grooved Pegboard Test (Lafayette Instrument Company, Lafayette, IN), a common test for neurological and vocational assessment of fine motor control (26 (link)) that has been used for monitoring recovery post brain injury (27 (link),28 (link)) as well as after cardiopulmonary surgical procedures (29 (link)), was used for this assessment. Subjects were required to rotate pegs with a ridge along one side to match the slot position in a keyed hole before they could be inserted. While seated in a chair, subjects were asked to use their preferred hand to pick up the pegs one at a time and place them in the holes in a predetermined order that was kept consistent across sessions. Subjects completed 25 holes with randomly positioned slots for each session. The primary performance metric was time to complete the entire board (Completion Time, s).

MULAVARA A.P., PETERS B.T., MILLER C.A., KOFMAN I.S., RESCHKE M.F., TAYLOR L.C., LAWRENCE E.L., WOOD S.J., LAURIE S.S., LEE S.M., BUXTON R.E., MAY-PHILLIPS T.R., STENGER M.B., PLOUTZ-SNYDER L.L., RYDER J.W., FEIVESON A.H, & BLOOMBERG J.J. (2018). Physiological and Functional Alterations after Spaceflight and Bed Rest. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 50(9), 1961-1980.

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