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8 protocols using fluoromount g mounting solution

1

Brain Tissue Preparation and Immunohistochemistry

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At 6 months after transplantation, animals were perfused transcardially with 4% paraformaldehyde. The brain was serially sectioned coronally and sagittally to 35 μm in thickness and subsequently stored in the preservation solution at −20°C.
Immunohistochemistry was performed as previously described (Liu et al., 2013b (link)). Sections were washed with PBS for 5 min three times, and permeabilized and blocked for 1 hr in 10% donkey serum and 0.2% Triton X-100 before being incubated in the primary antibody in 5% serum and 0.2% Triton X-100 at 4°C overnight. Sections were subsequently washed and stained with Alexa Fluor (Life) secondary antibodies and Hoechst in 5% donkey serum for 1 hr before being washed and mounted onto glass slides with Fluoromount-G mounting solution (SouthernBiotech). The primary antibodies used in this study are listed in Table S2. Images were visualized using a Nikon 80i fluorescence microscope (Nikon Instruments) and a Zeiss confocal microscope (LSM700, Zeiss instruments).
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2

Immunofluorescent Analysis of E14.5 Pancreata

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E14.5 pancreata were dissected in ice cold 1x PBS, then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) overnight at 4 C. After washing three times in 1x PBS, tissues were preserved in 30% sucrose in PBS at 4 C overnight and then embedded in Optimal Cutting Temperature (O.C.T.) compound (Tissue-Tek) and flash frozen prior to sectioning at 10 μm thickness.
For immunofluorescence staining, cryosections were washed 3 times in 1x PBS, permeabilized in 0.5% triton X-100 in PBS (PBT) for 10 min at room temperature (RT), and then blocked with 5% normal donkey serum (NDS) in 0.1% PBT for 1 h. Sections were stained overnight at 4 C using primary antibodies against GFP (1:500, Abcam Cat. ab13970), Chga (1:250, Abcam Cat. ab15160), or E-cadherin (1:100, BD Transduction Laboratories Cat. 610182). The next day, sections were washed three times in 1x PBS and then incubated with species-specific Alexa 488-, 555-, or 647-conjugated secondary antibodies and DAPI in 5% NDS in 0.1% PBT for 1 h at RT. Sections were washed three times in 1x PBS and covered in Fluoromount-G mounting solution (SouthernBiotech, Cat. 0100–01).
Images were captured with an SP8 Leica confocal laser scanning microscope. Maximum intensity Z-projections were then prepared using Image J software [36 (link)].
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3

Immunofluorescence Imaging of Serine Metabolism

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Cells were cultured in conditional media containing 0.8 or 0 mM serine with an addition of 10% FBS on glass coverslips (VWR) in six-well dishes for 24 hr. Next, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature. After one wash in 1× PBS, cells were permeabilized in 0.15% Triton X-100 for 15 min at room temperature. Cells were then blocked in 10% BSA for 20 min at room temperature, followed by incubation in primary antibody solution (1:500 dilution in 10% BSA) for overnight at 4°C. After three washes using 1× PBS, cells were incubated in secondary antibody solution in 10% BSA and followed by another three times of wash. Cells were then mounted onto glass slides using Fluoromount-G mounting solution (Southern Biotech) for imaging acquisition on a spinning-disk confocal microscope (Leica) using a × 100/1.4NA oil or a ×40/1.25NA oil (Leica Plan Apochromat) objective. Images were acquired and processed using the Leica LAS AF program software.
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4

Immunofluorescence Staining of Organoids and Brain Slices

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The organoids and brain slices were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and blocked for 1 h using 5% donkey serum (Millipore, Saint Louis, MO, USA) and 1% Triton X-100 (Biolink). The slices were incubated in primary antibody diluted with 0.2% Triton X-100 and 5% donkey serum at 4 °C overnight. The next day, the slices were washed three times with PBS and incubated in secondary antibody diluted in 5% donkey serum for 60 min at room temperature in the dark. Finally, the slices were washed and attached to glass slides with Fluoromount-G mounting solution (Southern Biotech). The primary and secondary antibodies are listed in Supplementary Table 2.
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5

Immunofluorescence Imaging of Serine Metabolism

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Cells were cultured in conditional media containing 0.8 or 0 mM serine with an addition of 10% FBS on glass coverslips (VWR) in six-well dishes for 24 hr. Next, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature. After one wash in 1× PBS, cells were permeabilized in 0.15% Triton X-100 for 15 min at room temperature. Cells were then blocked in 10% BSA for 20 min at room temperature, followed by incubation in primary antibody solution (1:500 dilution in 10% BSA) for overnight at 4°C. After three washes using 1× PBS, cells were incubated in secondary antibody solution in 10% BSA and followed by another three times of wash. Cells were then mounted onto glass slides using Fluoromount-G mounting solution (Southern Biotech) for imaging acquisition on a spinning-disk confocal microscope (Leica) using a × 100/1.4NA oil or a ×40/1.25NA oil (Leica Plan Apochromat) objective. Images were acquired and processed using the Leica LAS AF program software.
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6

Quantifying fruM Expression in Drosophila Antennae

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Flies from the Or47b-CD2/CyO; fruP1Gal4, 40xUAS-mCD8::GFP/TM6B stock were used for fruM expression quantification. Fly heads were removed in PBT (phosphate buffered saline with Triton X) and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 1 hour, followed by three 15-min PBT washes. Antennae were removed from the head in PBT and fixed in 4% PFA for 0.5 hours, followed by three 15-min PBT washes. Antennae were incubated in primary antibody 1:200 mouse mouse-α-Rat-CD2 (Bio-Rad, MCA154GA) and 5% normal goat serum (NGS) at 4°C overnight, followed by three 15-min PBT washes, and then incubated in secondary antibody 1:1000 goat α-mouse-Cy3 and 5% NGS at 4°C overnight. Antennae were mounted using Fluoromount-G mounting solution (SouthernBiotech) and imaged. Confocal images were taken using the following confocal microscopes: Olympus FluoView FV1000 with laser power 488 = 17%, intensity = 710, pinhole = 105 μm, gain = 1, and offset = −1; Zeiss 510 with argon laser power = 35%, pinhole = 108 μm, detector gain = 800, amplifier gain = 1, and amplifier offset = −0.185.
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7

Immunofluorescence Staining of Neurons

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Neurons were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min. Neurons were washed with PBS for 5 min three times, permeabilized in 0.2% Triton X-100 for 10 min, and blocked for 1 hr in 10% donkey serum before being incubated in the primary antibody in 5% serum and 0.1% Triton X-100 at 4°C overnight. Cells were subsequently washed and stained with Alexa Fluor-conjugated secondary antibodies and Hoechst in 5% donkey serum for 1 hr before being washed and mounted onto glass slides with Fluoromount-G mounting solution (SouthernBiotech). The primary antibodies are listed in Table S2. Images were taken using a Nikon 80i fluorescence microscope (Nikon Instruments).
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8

Visualizing Cell-Cell Junction Proteins

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Cells (1 × 104) were plated on fibronectin-coated 4-well chamber slides (PEZGS0416; Millipore, 5 µg/mL in serum-free DME). To determine localization of cell–cell junction molecules, 5 × 104 cells were seeded and allowed to reach confluence. Cells were gently washed with PBS, fixed with cold 4% PFA for 10 min on ice, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton-X100 in PBS for 15 min at room temperature, and blocked with 1% BSA in TBS for 30 min. Slides were washed with TBS and incubated with primary antibodies (1:400) in 1% BSA in TBS at 4 °C overnight. Antibodies were used as follows: anti-VE-Cadherin (BD Bioscience), β-catenin (BD Biosciences), ZO-1 (Invitrogen), Vinculin (V4505, Sigma), and FITC-conjugated phalloidin (Sigma). The cells were rinsed with TBS and incubated with appropriate fluorescent-dye conjugated secondary antibodies (1:1000, Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 1 h at room temperature. The cells were then rinsed with TBS and incubated with DAPI (1:2000, D1306; Invitrogen) for 5 min and mounted on glass slides using a Fluoromount-G mounting solution (0100-01; SouthernBiotech, Birmingham, AL, USA). The cells were photographed with a Zeiss Fluorescence microscope (Axiophot, Zeiss, Germany) equipped with a digital camera.
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