The PG was dried in a drying oven in air at 105 °C for 24 h. The elemental chemical composition was then obtained by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ARL PERFORM’X), The equipment was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA.
Arl perform x
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States
The ARL PERFORM'X is a versatile X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer designed for a wide range of analytical applications. It provides high-performance elemental analysis capabilities for various materials, including metals, minerals, chemicals, and environmental samples. The ARL PERFORM'X utilizes advanced X-ray technology to accurately determine the elemental composition of samples, enabling users to obtain reliable and reproducible results.
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Lab products found in correlation
Sigma 300, by Zeiss (4 mentions)
Vertex 70 rami, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Jem 2100, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Su8010, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Cmt6103, by MTS Systems (1 mentions)
Jsm 7001f scanning, by JEOL (1 mentions)
D max 2500, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
X ray diffractometer, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
Delsa nano c, by Beckman Coulter (1 mentions)
Inca 350, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Sta 8000, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
S 4800, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Axs d8 advance, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Mastersizer 2000, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions)
Avio 200, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Miniflex 600, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
Phenom xl g2 desktop sem, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sputter coater 108 auto, by Cressington (1 mentions)
Nicolet is20, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Asap 2460, by Micromeritics (1 mentions)
13 protocols using arl perform x
1
Determination of Elemental Composition by XRF
2
Elemental Composition Analysis of POMS and POMS-Ag Membranes
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The elemental composition of the POMS and POMS-Ag membranes was determined using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis, carried out on an ARL PERFORM’X (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA USA) sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer using a rhodium tube [51 (link)]. Up to 79 elements were analyzed and the percentage composition of the sample was calculated using the UniQuant program, to a relative error of 5%.
3
Chemical Composition Analysis of Raw Samples
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Table 5 presents the chemical composition of the raw samples WA, FA, and MK, determined through X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The XRF analysis was performed with a wavelength dispersion (WD XRF) spectroscope ARL Perform X manufactured by Thermo Scientific (Houston, TX, USA) with a power of 2500 W, 5 GN Rh X-ray tube, 4 crystals (AX03, PET, LiF200 and LiF220), two detectors (proportional and scintillation), and computer program UniQuant. The samples were quartered, dried at 105 °C, and calcined at 950 °C. For measurement purposes, a fused pellet was prepared, where 0.7640 g of the sample and 7.64 g of the flux (50% lithium tetraborate versus 50% lithium metaborate) were melted at 1100 °C.
The XRF results indicate that CaO is the predominant compound in WA (more than 30%), while FA and MK are primarily composed of Al2O3 and SiO2. The loss on ignition (LoI), representing the amount of unburned carbon, is highest in WA.
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The XRF results indicate that CaO is the predominant compound in WA (more than 30%), while FA and MK are primarily composed of Al2O3 and SiO2. The loss on ignition (LoI), representing the amount of unburned carbon, is highest in WA.
4
Comprehensive Characterization of Composite Materials
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The composite samples were analyzed using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF, ARL PERFORM’X, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and Fourier transformation infrared spectrometer (FTIR, VERTEX 70 RAMI, Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA). The morphologies of samples were comparatively observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM, SU8010, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The morphologies of the samples were observed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-2100, JEOL Ltd. Akishima City, Tokyo, Japan). Magnetic analyses of the samples were conducted using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM, Lake Shore Corporation, Columbus, OH, USA). The stress–strain analyses of the samples were conducted using an electronic universal testing machine (CMT6103, MTS Systems Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA).
5
X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Samples
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For qualitative and quantitative analysis of the elements, an X-ray Sequential Fluorescence Spectrometer Thermo Scientific ARL PERFORM'X equipped with an X-ray tube with Rh anode and Be window of 30 μm was used. The entire surface of the sample was analysed in a dry He flow.
6
Microstructural Characterization of n-Al/CaO
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The morphology and microstructure of n-Al/CaO was analyzed by a JSM-7001F scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted using a Rigaku X-ray diffractometer (D/max 2500, Cu Kα radiation (1.5418 Å), and the accelerating voltage was 40 kV) (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan). The n-Al/CaO particle size distribution was analyzed by the method of Dynamic Light Scattering (DelsaNano C, Beckman, Brea, CA, USA). The major and trace elemental composition of the soils was determined using a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) equipped with a Rh X-ray tube and 4 kW generator (ARL PERFORM’X, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
7
Compositional and Structural Analysis of HIO
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The chemical composition of the HIO sample was determined by using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF; ARL PERFORM’X, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted using a TG/DSC system (PerkinElmer-STA8000 instrument (Fremont, CA, USA)) from 30 to 920 °C at a rate of 20 °C/min under N2 atmosphere with a gas flow of 20 mL/min. The particle morphology and composition analyses of the samples were performed using a cold-field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM; S-4800, Hitachi, Japan) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS; INCA 350, Hitachi, Japan) accessory. The X-ray diffraction spectra were obtained using a D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer (XRD; Brucker AXS, Karlsruhe, Germany).
8
Multimodal Characterization of Power Samples
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The element analysis of the power sample was carried out by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF, ARL PERFORM X, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA). The solution ion concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES, ARCOS II, Spectro, Kleve, Germany). The phase was identified from measurements using an X-ray diffractometer (Bruker-AXS D8 Advance, Karlsruhe, Germany) with Cu Kα (0.154178 nm) radiation. The surface composition of the samples was examined with an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS, PHI-5300, PHI, Lafayette, LA, USA) using an Al Kα (1486.6 eV) X-ray source. All spectra were calibrated to the binding energy of the adventitious C 1 s peak at 284.8 eV. The morphology and microstructure of the samples were characterized with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, JSM 7401F, JEOL, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan).
9
X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of MEA Precipitate
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The elemental composition of the precipitate in degraded MEA was analyzed using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis, carried out on an ARL PERFORM’X (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer using a rhodium tube [35 (link)]. Up to 79 elements were analyzed and the percentage composition of the sample was calculated using the UniQuant program to a relative error of 5%.
10
Comprehensive Characterization of Novel Materials
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The elemental composition of the CMS and HAFA was determined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF, Thermo Scientific, ARL Perform’X, Waltham, MA, USA). The particle size of the two raw materials and powder with different ball mill rotation speeds was measured using laser granulometry (Malvern, Mastersizer 2000, Worcestershire, UK). The mineralogical composition was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku, MiniFlex 600, Tokyo, Japan). The atomic valence states of the materials were detected using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Scientific, K-Alpha, Waltham, MA, USA). The microstructures of the samples were investigated using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, Zeiss, Sigma 300, Oberkochen, Germany). ICP-OES (PerkinElmer, Avio 200, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to determine the heavy metal leaching species and the content of raw materials and cured specimens.
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