A total of 480 instruments were tested in this study. Five types of NiTi rotary instruments were included: conventional ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) (#25, 0.04 taper), electropolished BioRace (FKG, Dentaire, Switzerland) (#25, 0.04 taper), M-wire ProTaper Next (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) (#25, 0.06 taper), twisted and thermally treated Twisted File (SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA) (#25, 0.04 taper), and thermally treated and control memory HyFlex CM (Coltene, Whaledent, Altstätten, Switzerland) (#25, 0.04 taper). All instruments were 25 mm in length. Each type included 96 instruments divided into 4 groups: group I – 24 unsterilized instruments made up this group; group II – 24 instruments were subjected to 1 sterilization cycle; group III – 24 instruments were subjected to 3 sterilization cycles; group IV – 24 instruments were subjected to 5 sterilization cycles.
Protaper universal
Manufactured by Dentsply
Sourced in Switzerland, Germany
The ProTaper Universal is a rotary file system designed for endodontic procedures. It features a unique cross-section and cutting angle to facilitate efficient root canal shaping and cleaning.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
X smart plus, by Dentsply (3 mentions)
Protaper gold, by Dentsply (2 mentions)
Protaper next, by Dentsply (2 mentions)
X smart, by Dentsply (2 mentions)
Reciproc blue, by VDW (1 mentions)
Leica mz16, by Leica Microsystems (1 mentions)
Vortex blue, by Dentsply (1 mentions)
Trushape, by Dentsply (1 mentions)
Size 10 k file, by Dentsply (1 mentions)
Surgical microscope, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Gates glidden drill, by Dentsply (1 mentions)
Navitip needles, by Ultradent (1 mentions)
Flexofile, by Dentsply (1 mentions)
Ah plus, by Dentsply (1 mentions)
19 protocols using protaper universal
1
Evaluating NiTi Rotary Instrument Durability
2
Comparison of Root Canal Shaping Systems
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After isolation and access opening, canals of all teeth were prepared using four different instrumentation systems, irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl and 17% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and obturated with gutta-percha and sealer using lateral condensation technique. For all teeth an initial manual glide-path with stainless steel k-files up to size #15 was performed. The teeth in group 1 (n = 15) were shaped using ProTaper Universal (control group) (Dentsply/Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) till F2 (25.08), group 2 (n = 15) were shaped with 2 Shape (TS; Micro-Mega, Besancon, France) till TS2 (25.06), group 3 (n = 15) were shaped with XP-endo Shaper file (XPS; FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland)#30.04, and group 4 (n = 15) were shaped with Reciproc blue (VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany) R25 (25.08. all groups were prepared according to manufacturer's instructions. All canals were shaped, cleaned, and obturated in a single-visit by lateral condensation technique with resin-based sealer (Adseal; Meta- Biomed, Korea lot: ADS1505151) and gutta-percha cones taper 4% (Meta-Biomed, Korea lot: GE1102078).
Upon completion of RCT, a periapical radiograph was carried out to ensure the accuracy of root canal obturation. Then each tooth was restored temporarily with a glass ionomer restoration for 1 week (Kavitan plus SpofaDENTAL, Czech Republic, lot: 2481885-1).
Upon completion of RCT, a periapical radiograph was carried out to ensure the accuracy of root canal obturation. Then each tooth was restored temporarily with a glass ionomer restoration for 1 week (Kavitan plus SpofaDENTAL, Czech Republic, lot: 2481885-1).
3
Endodontic Preparation and Obturation
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The crowns were resected to simplify the endodontic procedure and iconographic acquisition. All the teeth were endodontically treated following a crown-down approach. Canals were shaped to the working length with a rotary sequence (Protaper Universal, Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) up to the F3 instrument. Canals were then obturated using warm vertical condensation [20 (link)] and sealer (Pulp Canal Sealer EWT™, Kerr Dental, Orange, CA, USA). Backpacking was performed by condensation of thermolasticized gutta-percha (Obtura III, Obtura Spartan, Algonquin, IL, USA).
All roots were resected 3 mm from the anatomical apex by using a high-speed handpiece with multiblade carbide bur (H847KRG314.016/018, Komet, Besigheim, Germany) under water spray. Each carbide bur was replaced after resecting ten roots. The resected roots were soaked in blue ink (Pelikan, Schindellegi, Switzerland) balanced with salt for 48 h, then rinsed, photographed and examined under an optical microscope (Leica MZ16, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) at 16× magnification to evaluate the presence of cracks prior to the retropreparation.
All roots were resected 3 mm from the anatomical apex by using a high-speed handpiece with multiblade carbide bur (H847KRG314.016/018, Komet, Besigheim, Germany) under water spray. Each carbide bur was replaced after resecting ten roots. The resected roots were soaked in blue ink (Pelikan, Schindellegi, Switzerland) balanced with salt for 48 h, then rinsed, photographed and examined under an optical microscope (Leica MZ16, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) at 16× magnification to evaluate the presence of cracks prior to the retropreparation.
4
Mesiobuccal Canal Preparation and Irrigation
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The mesiobuccal canals were prepared until F3/0.06 using ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Sirona, Canada). 1% NaOCl was applied to the canals between instrumentation following 17% EDTA for the final irrigation. Then, they were dried using sterile paper points (Pearl Dent Co., Ltd., Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam).
5
Root Canal Preparation and Irrigation
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To remove the crown, each tooth was sectioned horizontally, 15 mm coronally from the root apex. The canal space was shaped using rotary nickel-titanium instruments (S1 to F4, ProTaper Universal; Dentsply Sirona, Konstanz, Germany) under constant irrigation with 3% NaOCl. Subsequently, the space was enlarged with post drills (RelyX™ Fiber Post Drill sizes 1–2; 3M-ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) to a depth of 10 mm. Final irrigation was performed using 10 mL of 3% NaOCl, 1 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (MD Cleanser; Meta Biomed Co., Cheongju, South Korea), and 10 mL of distilled water, in sequential order. Passive ultrasonic irrigation was conducted for 1 min using an ultrasonic device (VA970; NSK, Tokyo, Japan) with an Irrisafe tip (IRR 20-21; Acteon Group Ltd, Norwich, UK).
6
Standardized Primary Root Canal Procedure
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For all primary root canal treatment cases, the preoperative radiographs for diagnosis and pre-operative working length determination are required. Treatment commenced with administration of local anaesthetics and isolation with rubber dam, followed by access cavity preparation, canal cleaning and determination of the working length with periapical radiographs and/or Raypex 5 apex locators (VDW Endodontic Synergy, Munich, Germany) prior to rotary instrumentation using ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Sirona). 1% sodium hypochlorite was the routine irrigant used, and in case of multiple visits, 98% calcium hydroxide (Hypo-Calâ; Ellman, Hicksville, NY, USA) was used as an intracanal medicament. Canal filling was then carried out in the absence of symptoms and infection using matching ProTaperâ Universal gutta-percha points (Dentsply Sirona) and Tubli-Seal TM (Kerr Dental, Orange, CA, USA). A postfill radiograph was taken routinely to assess the quality of the root filling followed by placement of a permanent restoration.
7
Root Canal Instrumentation Technique
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The root fillings in this group were removed using ProTaper Universal RFs: D1, D2, and D3 at 2-ncm torque and 500-rpm speed using X-smart Plus endomotor (Dentsply Maillefer). The files were used in a brushing motion resting against the walls in a crown-down direction until it reached the WL. D1 was used only for the cervical third, D2 only for the middle third, and D3 through the entire WL. Each file was used till no debris was seen on the files.
8
Cyclic Fatigue of NiTi Rotary Instruments
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Selected sizes of NiTi rotary instruments Hyflex CM (size #25/.06; Coltene, Cuyahoga Falls, OH), TRUShape (size #25/.06v; Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK), Vortex Blue (size 25/.06, Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties), and ProTaper Universal (F2, Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties) were tested for cyclic fatigue in a water bath both at room temperature (20 C AE 1 C) and at body temperature (37 C AE 1 C). A subset of instruments was also tested in air, without immersion in water (Table 1).
Twenty instruments of each brand (tip size #25) were used in this study in each subgroup. No torque limit was applied; revolutions per minute (rpm) used were set according to the respective manufacturer guidelines (500 rpm for Hyflex CM and Vortex Blue and 300 rpm for ProTaper Universal and TRUShape).
Twenty instruments of each brand (tip size #25) were used in this study in each subgroup. No torque limit was applied; revolutions per minute (rpm) used were set according to the respective manufacturer guidelines (500 rpm for Hyflex CM and Vortex Blue and 300 rpm for ProTaper Universal and TRUShape).
9
Preparation and Instrumentation of Mandibular Incisor Canals
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This study was approved by the Ethics Committee, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University (PKUSSIRB-201631102) and abides by the Declaration of Helsinki (version VI, 2002). After informing and obtaining the patients’ verbal consent, a total of 42 adult mandibular incisors with single straight canal extracted because of periodontitis were included. These specimens were stored in saline solution and then refrigerated at 4°C after scaling the calculi and periodontal membranes. The crowns were removed at the cementoenamel junction using a 0.3 mm low-speed diamond saw (SYJ-150, Shenyang Kejing Auto-instrument Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China). The working length was determined by subtracting 1 mm from the length of a size 10 K-file (Dentsply Maillefer) until it reached the apical foramen under stereomicroscope at 10×. Root canal was instrumented using rotary Ni-Ti instruments ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Maillefer) at the working length until the F3 (30, 0.09 taper) instrument. After each instrument was used, the canals were irrigated using 2 mL 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Then, passive ultrasonic irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite was performed, as described by van der Sluis et al.[33 (link)]. A flush of 2 mL 17% EDTA was applied for 3 min to eliminate the smear layer. Finally, the canals were washed with 2 mL distilled water and dried with paper points.
10
NiTi Rotary Systems: Geometric, Metallurgical, and Fatigue Analysis
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The study evaluated the geometric design, metallurgical properties, and cyclic fatigue performance of 25 mm NiTi instruments from five different rotary system brands (Table 1 ): ProTaper Gold (PTG; Dentsply, Ballaigues, Switzerland); ProTaper Universal (PTU; Dentsply, Ballaigues, Switzerland); Premium Taper Gold (Waldent, Shenzhen, China); Go-Taper Flex (Access, Shenzhen, China); and U-File (Dentmark, Ludhiana, India). A total of 250 instruments underwent mechanical testing.
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