2′,7′ Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), 3-(N-morpholino) propane sulfonic acid (MOPS), 3-[4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), bovine serum albumin (BSA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), eosin, Coomassie brilliant blue, nigrosin, 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), sucrose, KCl, NaCl, dithiothreitol (DTT), Na2HPO4, MgCl2, Rhodamine 123 (Rh 123), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). SWCNT and MWCNT were prepared from US Research nanomaterials Inc. (Houston, TX 77084, USA; Please refer to the Supplementary Material for more information). Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and hydroxymethyl aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The salts for preparing buffer solutions were of the analytical grade and obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
2 4 dinitrofluorobenzene
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene is a chemical compound used in laboratory settings. It serves as a versatile reagent for various chemical reactions and analyses. The product's core function is to facilitate specific experimental protocols without further interpretation or extrapolation on its intended use.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Dithiothreitol (dtt), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
2 7 dichlorofluorescein diacetate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Malondialdehyde, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sucrose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Iodoacetic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
2 4 6 tripyridyl s triazine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
N butanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Metaphosphoric acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Nigrosin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydroxymethyl aminomethane hydrochloride tris hcl, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Mgcl2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Na2hpo4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Trichloroacetic acid tca, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ammonium carbonate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Low molecular weight chitosan, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Zinc nitrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Glacial acetic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
9 protocols using 2 4 dinitrofluorobenzene
1
Oxidative Stress Evaluation of Nanoparticles
2
Chitosan-Based Composite Synthesis
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TOB was purchased from Acros Organics (New Jersy, USA), low molecular weight chitosan (50 kD, 90% DDA), 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, zinc nitrate and ammonium carbonate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Reykjavik, Iceland). Tripolyphosphate was purchased from AZ chem (Oragine,China). All other chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade.
3
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Evaluation Protocol
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2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), 3-[4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), sucrose, perchloric acid, D-mannitol, imatinib mesylate, Rhodamine123 (Rh 123), 3-(N-morpholino) propane sulfonic acid (MOPS), 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), sodium acetate, acetic acid glacial, 2, 4, 6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), iodoacetic acid, dithiothreitol (DTT), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Kits for evaluating serum biomarkers of renal injury were obtained from Pars Azmun® (Tehran, Iran). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) fraction V, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O), coomassie brilliant blue, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), meta-phosphoric acid, n-butanol, and 2-Amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol-hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) were obtained from Merck (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). All salts used for preparing buffer solutions were of the analytical grade and obtained from Merck (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).
4
Sensitization Agents Protocol
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2,4‐Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), 2,4,6‐trinitrochrolobenzene (TNCB), oxazolone (4‐ethoxy‐methylene‐2‐phenyloxazol‐5‐1), and 2,4‐dinitrobenzene sulfonate (DNBS) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich.
5
Cimifugin and Chemical Agents Protocol
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Cimifugin was purchased from Yongjian Pharmaceutical
(China, Purity ≥98%). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene
(DNFB), chloroquine (CQ), compound 48/80, histamine, allyl-isothiocyanate
(AITC), and capsaicin were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The stock
solutions of drugs were prepared in DMSO and stored at −20
°C. The drugs were further diluted with saline, and the final
concentration of DMSO does not exceed 1% when used in behavioral tests
or does not exceed 0.1% when applied in the calcium imaging experiments.
(China, Purity ≥98%). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene
(DNFB), chloroquine (CQ), compound 48/80, histamine, allyl-isothiocyanate
(AITC), and capsaicin were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The stock
solutions of drugs were prepared in DMSO and stored at −20
°C. The drugs were further diluted with saline, and the final
concentration of DMSO does not exceed 1% when used in behavioral tests
or does not exceed 0.1% when applied in the calcium imaging experiments.
6
Cloning and Purification of GSTs
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RevertAid H minus reverse transcriptase was purchased from Fermentas (Waltham, MA, USA). Fastpfu DNA polymerase and the pEASY-Blunt zero cloning kit were obtained from Transgen Biotech Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). The SMARTer RACE cDNA amplification kit and the His60 Ni Superflow resin were purchased from Clontech (Palo Alto, CA, USA). The substrates of GSTs, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (CDNB), 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (FDNB), 3,4- dichloronitrobenzene (DCNB), 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl), 4-nitrobenzyl chloride (pNBC), 4-nitrophenethyl bromide (pNPB), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). All other reagents used were of the highest grade commercially available.
7
DNFB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in Mice
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The experimental animal ethics committee of the Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine approved all experiments. Female Balb/C mice were randomly divided into four groups: the normal control group (Ctrl), AD model group (AD), AD + AESS group (AESS), and AD + dexamethasone group (DEX), with six mice in each group. The backs of the mice were shaved and sensitized using 150 μL of 0.15% 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB; Sigma, USA; dissolved in acetone and olive oil at 3:1 as a matrix solution) on the dorsal back and 20 μL on the ears and alternately stimulated with 0.15% DNFB twice a week (Han et al., 2018 (link)). The mice in the Ctrl and AD groups, AESS group, and DEX group were intragastrically administered daily with normal saline, a crude drug dose of 14.27 g/kg AESS formula (according to the conversion of human clinical dosage; Zhao and Sun, 2010 (link)), and 1 mg/kg dexamethasone (Sigma, United States; Lee et al., 2019 (link)), respectively. The dermatitis score was calculated from the sum of the four indicators (Kim et al., 2013 (link)): erythema/bleeding, eschar/dryness, epidermis exfoliation/erosion, and edema. The severity of each was calculated using 0–3 points, where 0 = none, 1 = light, 2 = medium, and 3 = heavy.
8
Comprehensive Antioxidant Biomarker Assay
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Reduced glutathione (GSH), 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), Malondialdehyde (MDA), 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), Coomassie brilliant blue, 2, 4, 6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), Dithiothreitol (DTT), Ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O), curcumin, rhodamine123 (Rh 123), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and iodoacetic acid, were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Commercial kits from Pars Azmoon® (Tehran, Iran) were used to evaluate plasma biomarkers of renal injury. Colistin was purchased from Beacon Pharmaceuticals. Meta-Phosphoric acid, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1, 3-diol-hydrochloride (Tris-HCl), and n-butanol were bought from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
9
Contact Hypersensitivity Induction in Mice
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Mice were sensitized on the shaved abdominal flank skin with 0.5% 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), in acetone and olive oil (4:1 v/v) for 2 consecutive days. Five days later, contact hypersensitivity was elicited by applying 0.25% 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene on the right ear. The left ear was treated with acetone/olive oil alone as a control. Ear thickness was measured in a blinded manner (M.K. and T.K.) using a micrometer before and after the challenge every 24 hours for 120 hours.
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