Dodecyl sodium sulfate

Steviol (99% of purity, HPLC) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Na₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, NaCl, KCl, Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O, NaH₂PO₄·2H₂O, EDTA disodium, dodecyl sodium sulfate (SDS), glycine, bromoxylenol blue, ammonium persulphate, tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl amino methane, ponceau, N,N,N, N-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED), xylene brilliant cyanin G (BS, G250), and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Trypsin-EDTA solution, propidium iodide (PI), triton X-100, endonuclease (RNase A), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), penicillin-streptomycin solution (100X), bovine albumin (BSA), BeyoECL Plus, polyvinylidene fluoride, RIPA lysis buffer, and 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyasix iodide (JC-1) were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). DMEM medium, fetal bovine serum were purchased from Gibco Life Technologies Corporation (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Primary antibodies against p21, p53, cyclin D1, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase 3, β-actin, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies were purchased from Cell Signal Technologies Inc. (Beverly, MA, USA). All other reagents were of analytical grade and used as received unless otherwise stated.

Chitosan (CS, the viscosity is 100–200 mPa s, the deacetylation degree ≥95%) and poly (ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE, Mn = 500, purity ≥95%) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Trypsin (3500 U/mg) was purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Dodecyl sodium sulfate, Agar-agar powder, Sodium chloride (≥99.5%), Disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (≥99.0%), Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (≥99.5%) and Potassium chloride (≥99.5%) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF-1) were provided by Shanghai cell bank of Chinese academy of sciences. Dulbecco’s minimum essential medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Sciencecell (Santiago, CA, USA).