Expiratory flow and volume data were collected using a portable handheld turbine spirometer (Spirodoc, MIR©, Roma, Italy) via a USB interface. The device was calibrated across a range of flow rates using a calibrated 3 L syringe (Hans Rudolph Inc., Shawnee, KS) before each test at each altitude. Raw volume/flow data were collected at a sampling frequency of 100 Hz and were expressed in BTPS. The accompanying WinspiroPRO software suite (MIR©, Roma, Italy) was used to acquire and organize data obtained from the graded vital capacity efforts from each subject. Processed flow and volume data for graded vital capacity efforts were exported from the software database into a spreadsheet. These data were exported at a volume resolution of 50 mL due to limitations set by the software suite. To ensure that data density was consistent across individuals of varying vital capacities, flow‐volume data were then resampled to a common base of 100 volume bins per trial. The above‐described interpolation and subsequent TGC and air‐density adjustments were performed using custom‐written software (MATLAB® 2015b, The MathWorks, Inc., Natick).
3 l syringe
Manufactured by Hans Rudolph
Sourced in United States, Macao
The 3-L syringe is a laboratory equipment used for measuring and transferring precise volumes of liquids or gases. It features a large capacity of 3 liters and is designed for accurate and controlled fluid handling in various scientific and industrial applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Matlab 2015b, by MathWorks (1 mentions)
Vmax encore, by BD (1 mentions)
Lactate pro, by Arkray (1 mentions)
K4b2 portable, by Cosmed (1 mentions)
Quark b2, by Cosmed (1 mentions)
Jaeger oxycon pro, by Cardinal Health (1 mentions)
Cortex metamax 3b, by Cortex Biophysik (1 mentions)
Biosen c line, by EKF Diagnostics (1 mentions)
Rs800cx, by Polar Electro (1 mentions)
21 protocols using 3 l syringe
1
Vital Capacity Measurements at Altitude
2
Breath-by-Breath Gas Analysis Calibration
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Respired gases and ventilation were measured breath by breath with a commercial metabolic measurement system (VMax Encore; CareFusion, San Diego, CA). The system was calibrated immediately before each experiment. A 3-L syringe (Hans Rudolph Inc., Shawnee, KS) was used to calibrate the mass flow sensor from ~0.2 to 8.0 L•s -1 , mimicking flow rates expected at rest and during exercise. CO 2 and O 2 analyzers were calibrated using gases of known concentrations (O 2 , 26.0% and 16.0%; CO 2 , 0.0% and 4.0%).
3
Pulmonary Gas Exchange Measurement Protocol
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Throughout all tests, pulmonary gas exchange and ventilation was measured using an online gas analyser (Cortex Metalyzer 2R, Leipzig, Germany) with a CV of < 2% (Macfarlane and Wong 2012 (link)). A volume transducer was securely attached to a facemask and a capillary line was connected to the mask allowing inspired and expired gas volume and gas concentration to be collected. Known gas concentrations were used to calibrate gas analysers in line with manufacturer’s recommendations. The turbine volume transducer was calibrated using a 3-L syringe (Hans Rudolph, Kansas City, MO). Fingertip capillary blood samples were collected at baseline, post SS cycling and immediately after the completion of TT for the assessment of BLa using a portable lactate analyser (Lactate Pro, Arkray Inc, Japan). The CV using this device has been shown to be < 3.6% (Bonaventura et al. 2015 (link)).
4
Breath-by-Breath Pulmonary Gas Exchange
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Pulmonary gas exchange and ventilation were collected breath-by-breath in all exercise tests. Subjects wore a nose clip and breathed through a low-dead space (90 mL), low-resistance (0.75 mmHg L−1 s−1 at 15 L/s−1) mouthpiece and impeller turbine assembly (Jaeger Triple V). The inspired and expired gas concentration signals were continuously sampled using paramagnetic (O2) and infrared (CO2) analyzers (Oxycon Pro; Jaeger, Hoechberg, Germany) via a capillary line connected to the mouthpiece. These analyzers were calibrated before each test with gases of known concentration, and the turbine volume transducer was calibrated using a 3-L syringe (Hans Rudolph, Kansas City, MO). Breath-by-breath O2 data from each test were linearly interpolated to provide second-by-second values. Subsequently, mean O2 was assessed during each work and recovery period and averaged to provide the overall mean O2 during the work and recovery periods for each intermittent exercise test. The mean O2 across all interval and recovery periods for each intermittent exercise test was also calculated.
5
Portable Metabolic Monitoring of 6-Minute Walk
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Oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured breath-by-breath using a commercially available portable metabolic unit (K4b2 Cosmed, Italy) during a standard 6-minute walk (6 MW) test that was performed over-ground in a hallway with two 180-degree turns. The O2 and CO2 analyzers of the portable metabolic unit were calibrated using known concentrations of gases, and the flow-meter was calibrated using a 3 L syringe (Hans Rudolph, Kansas City, MO). We measured VO2 (mL/kg/min) as 30-second averages for 1 minute both before the 6 MW (i.e., resting VO2) and over the entire 6 MW. We further measured total distance traveled (m) using a measuring wheel (Stanley MW50, New Briton, CT). We determined net steady-state VO2 by (a) calculating steady-state VO2 as average VO2 values across the final 3 minutes of the 6 MW (i.e., steady-state VO2; minutes 4–6) and (b) subtracting resting-state VO2 values for the 1 minute prior to the 6 MW. The O2 cost of walking was then computed by dividing net steady-state VO2 (mL/kg/min) by walking speed during the 6MW (m/min) [5 (link)]; this resulted in O2 cost of walking expressed as mL/kg/m.
6
Telemetric Physiological Monitoring
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Oxygen consumption (𝑉𝑉 ̇O2), respiratory frequency (Rf), tidal volume (VT) and minute ventilation (VE) was measured using a telemetric portable gas analyser (CosMed K4b2 Portable, Rome, Italy) which was worn across all trials. The gas analyser was calibrated before every trial with gases of known concentration (16% O2, 5% CO2, BAL. N2) and the turbine volume transducer was calibrated using a 3 L syringe (Hans Rudolph, Kansas City, USA). Heart rate was recorded continuously throughout the trials (Polar Heart Rate Monitor M400, Warwick, UK) that telemetrically emitted the data to the K4b2 Portable unit.
7
Comprehensive Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessment
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Expired gases were measured continuously using breath-by-breath analysis
averaged by 5–7 s by a respiratory mass spectrometer (MGA
1100, Beck’s Physiological Systems, St. Louis, MO, USA). All
measurements followed O
2and CO
2gas and airflow
calibration using known precision calibration gases (MGC Diagnostics, St.
Paul, MN, USA) and a 3L syringe (Hans Rudolph, Shawnee, KS, USA),
respectively. The primary CRF outcome data assessed was VO
2peak.Additional CRF indicators measured and assessed at peak exercise included:
volume of carbon dioxide produced (VCO
2peak), minute ventilation
(V
Epeak), RER
peak,breathing frequency
(BF
peak), tidal volume (TV
peak), O
2pulse (O
2pulse
peak), ventilatory equivalents for
oxygen (EqVO
2) and carbon dioxide (EqVCO
2), and
VO
2/work rate ratio. VO
2peakand
VCO
2peakwere defined as the median oxygen consumption and
carbon dioxide production during the last 30 s before cessation of
exercise. V
Epeak, RER
peak, and BF
peakwere
also determined from the median expired gases during the last 30 s
of exercise. BF
peakand V
Epeakwere used to calculate
TV
peak. O
2pulse
peakwas calculated by
dividing VO
2Peak(ml/min) by HR
peak, and
expressed as ml/beat. Peak ventilatory efficiency was calculated as
EqVO2 (V
Epeak/ VO
2peak) and EqVCO
2(V
Epeak/ VCO
2peak). The
VO
2/work rate relationship was determined by dividing
VO
2Peak(ml/min) with peak W output on the cycle
ergometer and expressed as ml/min/W.
+ Expand
Expired gases were measured continuously using breath-by-breath analysis
averaged by 5–7 s by a respiratory mass spectrometer (MGA
1100, Beck’s Physiological Systems, St. Louis, MO, USA). All
measurements followed O
2and CO
2gas and airflow
calibration using known precision calibration gases (MGC Diagnostics, St.
Paul, MN, USA) and a 3L syringe (Hans Rudolph, Shawnee, KS, USA),
respectively. The primary CRF outcome data assessed was VO
2peak.Additional CRF indicators measured and assessed at peak exercise included:
volume of carbon dioxide produced (VCO
2peak), minute ventilation
(V
Epeak), RER
peak,breathing frequency
(BF
peak), tidal volume (TV
peak), O
2pulse (O
2pulse
peak), ventilatory equivalents for
oxygen (EqVO
2) and carbon dioxide (EqVCO
2), and
VO
2/work rate ratio. VO
2peakand
VCO
2peakwere defined as the median oxygen consumption and
carbon dioxide production during the last 30 s before cessation of
exercise. V
Epeak, RER
peak, and BF
peakwere
also determined from the median expired gases during the last 30 s
of exercise. BF
peakand V
Epeakwere used to calculate
TV
peak. O
2pulse
peakwas calculated by
dividing VO
2Peak(ml/min) by HR
peak, and
expressed as ml/beat. Peak ventilatory efficiency was calculated as
EqVO2 (V
Epeak/ VO
2peak) and EqVCO
2(V
Epeak/ VCO
2peak). The
VO
2/work rate relationship was determined by dividing
VO
2Peak(ml/min) with peak W output on the cycle
ergometer and expressed as ml/min/W.
8
Resting Metabolic Rate Measurement Protocol
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The resting metabolic rate (RMR) was estimated through indirect calorimetry (Cortex Metalyser 3B, Leipzig, Germany). As per established procedures, two calibrations were undertaken: (1) The gas analyzer was calibrated prior to each measurement using ambient air and a standard gas mixture (16% O2, 4.96% CO2), and (2) the flow calibration was executed via a 3-L syringe (Hans Rudolph, UK). Upon completion of the calibration process, data pertaining to the patient's date of birth, sex, height, weight, and mask size were entered. Patients were instructed to abstain from food and non-water fluids for 12 h and refrain from smoking for a minimum of 4 h prior to the test. Participants were provided with guidelines to remain alert and relaxed while positioned supine on a bench, and refrain from talking or moving during the examination. The measurement was conducted within a serene environment with controlled temperature and humidity, lasting for 45 min after donning a gas collection mask. Readings were taken without interruption, and the first 10 min were excluded from the data analysis [27 (link)].
9
Cardiopulmonary Function Measurement Protocol
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Tests were performed on an electro-mechanically braked cycle ergometer (mod. 839E, Monark, Sweden). During the experiments, the work rate and cadence were continuously recorded. Expiratory ventilation ( ), , pulmonary carbon dioxide output ( ), respiratory rate ( ), tidal volume ( ), alveolar carbon dioxide pressure ( ), and respiratory exchange ratio were measured on a breath-by-breath basis by a metabolic unit consisting of a turbine flowmeter, a zirconium oxygen sensor, and an infrared CO2 meter (Quark b2, Cosmed, Rome, Italy). According to manufacturer’s instructions, the turbine and gas analyzers were calibrated before each test by means of a 3-l syringe (mod. 5530, Hans-Rudolph, Shawnee, KS, USA) and a certified gas mixture of known concentration (16% O2, 5% CO2, balance N2), respectively. and were computed using the Auchincloss algorithm (Auchincloss et al. 1966 (link)). Heart rate ( ) was continuously acquired (S810, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland). Lastly, 20 μl arterialized blood samples were taken from the ear lobe and analyzed by an enzymatic-amperometric system (Labtrend, Bio Sensor Technology GmbH, Berlin, Germany) to determine [La−].
10
Ventilatory and Biomechanical Assessment
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Ventilatory parameters were assessed by employing open-circuit indirect calorimetry with an Oxycon Pro apparatus (Jaeger GmbH, Hoechberg, Germany) for two minutes at the end of each interval. Prior to each measurement, the VO2 and VCO2 analyzers were calibrated using a known mixture of gases (16.00 ± 0.04% O2 and 5.00 ± 0.1% CO2, Riessner-Gase GmbH & Co., Lichtenfels, Germany) and the expiratory flow meter calibrated with a 3-L syringe (Hans Rudolph Inc., Kansas City, MO). Heart rate (HR) was recorded throughout the entirety of each test using the skier's own heart rate monitors. Blood lactate concentration was analyzed using the Biosen C-Line Sport lactate measurement system (EKF Industrial Electronics, Magdeburg, Germany) from 5-μL of fingertip blood collected at the end of each interval. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed immediately after each stage. During the four interval trials, three-dimensional movement data were captured from a ten-camera Qualisys Oqus system (Qualisys AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) with a sampling rate of 250 Hz. Retro-reflective markers were placed on the lateral epicondyle, malleolus, and on the boots in positions correspondent to malleolus and toe, on both body sides.
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