All flow cytometry used appropriate isotype controls. Gating and compensation were aided by the performing fluorescence minus one controls. Cells isolated from biopsies or blood were stained with blue-fluorescent reactive dye (Life Technologies), CD19-BV785, CD27-APC (BD Biosciences) or PE or BV421, CD10-BV605 or APC, CD38-PerCp-ef710 (eBioscience), CD24-PE/Cy7 or BV605, IgD-APC/Cy7, IgM-V450 (BD Biosciences), IgG-PE/Cy7 and IgA-FITC (Miltenyi Biotec), in 2% FCS staining buffer with 1 mM EDTA for 15 min at 4 °C before analysis on the BD LSRFortessa (BD Biosciences). For high-throughput sequencing analysis, cells were stained with LIVE/DEAD Fixable Aqua (Life Technologies) or DAPI, CD19-BV785, CD27-FITC or APC, IgD-APC/Cy7, CD38-PerCp-ef710 (eBiosciences), CD10-BV605 in 2% FCS staining buffer with 1 mM EDTA for 15 min at 4 °C before sorted on the BD FACSAria (BD Biosciences). Four subsets from PBMC and three subsets from paired biopsy mononuclear cells from Donors 1 to 4. The numbers of cells used to generate sequences for each sample from Donors 1 to 4 are shown in Supplementary Fig. 14d.
+ Open protocol