6300d instrument

The PXRD analysis was carried out on a Bruker D8 Advance instrument using Cu K_α (λ = 1.5406 Å) radiation at 2θ: 5° to 35°. Specific surface area, pore volume and pore size were measured by N₂ adsorption–desorption at 77.360 K using a Micrometrics ASAP 2000 instrument. Before each measurement, samples were activated via supercritical CO₂ drying or outgassing at room temperature for 3 h under vacuum conditions. Infrared spectra were collected in the range 400–4000 cm⁻¹ on a JASCO 6300D instrument.
Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were performed on a PerkinElmer STA 6000 thermal analyzer. For this purpose, ca. 20 mg of sample was placed into an alumina crucible and heated in a continuous-flow of N₂ with a heating ramp rate of 20 °C min⁻¹ from 30 °C to 900 °C. The scanning electron micrographs were taken on a Hitachi S-4700 FE-SEM. The UV-vis spectra were recorded on a JASCO V-570 spectrophotometer.

Fourier-transform infrared spectrum was carried out in the region 400–4000 cm⁻¹ by a JASCO 6300D instrument. Thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses were regulated using a Perkin-Elmer -6000 instrument. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken using a Hitachi S–4800 fields. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were recorded with a Philips CM10 microscope. The XRD measurement patterns were collected a Bruker D8-advance X-ray diffract meter with Cu Kα radiation. Raman spectroscopy was determined on a Renishaw Raman system model 1000 spectrometer with an excitation wavelength of 514 nm. The yields were estimated by gas chromatography tests that were by a Shimadzu (GC-16A) equipped with an FID detector. The metal content of the catalysts was recorded by utilizing inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis conducted on a PerkinElmer emission spectrometer.